SUPPORTING DISADVANTAGED AND VULNERABLE STUDENTS DURING EMERGENCY REMOTE TEACHING: EDUCATION STAKEHOLDERS’ ACTIONS TOWARDS EQUITY AND IMPLICATIONS FOR THE FUTURE

Maria Rafaela Tziouvara, Domna - Mika Kakana Kakana

Abstract


The COVID-19 pandemic came as a catalyst, altering the everyday life of people worldwide.  The shift to Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) during the pandemic exposed and exacerbated existing educational inequalities, disproportionately affecting disadvantaged and vulnerable students. These students encountered various obstacles to participating in ERT, and despite targeted interventions and support from schools, NGOs and government agencies, a large proportion of these students remained disengaged due to systemic shortcomings and the absence of a holistic, inclusive strategy. This paper summarizes empirical findings from 39 school counselors, 129 school principals and 221 primary school teachers in Greece, to highlight the structural limitations of current educational systems in responding to crises, and proposes a set of actionable recommendations. These include ensuring universal access to technology and internet connectivity, enhancing digital skills training, providing tailored support for linguistic and learning needs, strengthening psychosocial support systems, and fostering collaboration between schools and homes. The findings emphasize the necessity of multidimensional, equity-driven policies and crisis preparedness plans in order to ensure inclusive and effective distance education in future emergencies.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT); educational inequality; digital divide; disadvantaged and vulnerable students; inclusive education; distance learning; crisis response; Covid-19

Full Text:

PDF

References


Asadullah M N, 2023. Home Schooling during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Journal of Southeast Asian Economies 39: 34-61. Retrieved from https://research.monash.edu/files/440764857/435347863_oa.pdf

Australian Bureau of Statistics, 2018. Household Use of Information Technology Australia, 2016-2017, Canberra, Australian Bureau of Statistics. https://www.abs.gov.au/ausstats/abs@.nsf/mf/8146.0. Retrieved 14 July 2025

Belay D G, 2020. COVID-19, Distance Learning and Educational Inequality in Rural Ethiopia. Pedagogical Research5(4). https://doi.org/10.29333/pr/9133

Bennett S, Maton K, Kervin L, 2008. The ’digital natives’ debate: A critical review of the evidence. British Journal of Educational Technology 39: 775–786. https://doi.org/10.111 1/j.1467-8535.2007.00793.x.

Bester R, Pirc J, 2020. Impact of remote learning during the COVID-19 lockdown on Roma pupils in Slovenia. Razprave in Gradivo: Revija za Narodnostna Vprasanja 85: 139-164. http://dx.doi.org/10.36144/RiG85.dec20.139-164

Bol T, 2020. Inequality in homeschooling during the Corona crisis in the Netherlands. First results from the LISS Panel. SocArXiv Papers. Retrieved from https://thijsbol.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/liss_databrief.pdf

Brion C, Kiral B, 2021. COVID-19 Crisis challenges and management strategies of educational leaders in America. International Journal of Contemporary Educational Research 8(4): 170-183. https://doi.org/10.33200/ijcer.943568

Burke J, Dempsey M, 2020. Covid-19 practice in primary schools in Ireland report. https://www.into.ie/app/uploads/2020/04/Covid-19-Practice-in-Primary-Schools-Report.pdf. Retrieved 18 July 2025

Carver-Thomas D, Burns D, Leung M, Ondrasek N, 2022. Teacher shortages during the pandemic: How California districts are responding. Learning Policy Institute. https://doi.org/10.54300/899.809

Carver-Thomas D, Leung M, Burns D, 2021. California teachers and COVID-19: How the pandemic is impacting the teacher workforce. Learning Policy Institute. https://learningpolicyinstitute.org/product/california-covid-19-teacher-workforce

CEDEFOP, 2020. Greece’s responses to the COVID 19 outbreak [Briefing]. https://www.cedefop.europa.eu/en/news/greece-responses-covid-19-outbreak. Retrieved 20 July 2025.

Chandra S, Chang A, Day L, Fazlullah A, Liu J, McBride L, ... Weiss D, 2020. Closing the K–12 digital divide in the age of distance learning. Common Sense and Boston Consulting Group, Boston, MA, USA. Retrieved from https://www.commonsensemedia.org/sites/default/files/research/report/common_sense_media_report_final_7_1_3pm_web.pdf

Council of Europe, 2021. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on Roma and Traveller communities in Europe. Council of Europe. https://www.coe.int/en/web/portal/covid-19-roma. Retrieved 27 July 2025.

DeMartino L, Weiser S G, 2021. Administrative leadership in times of a global health crisis: voices and images from the field. Frontiers in Education 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.617857

DeMatthews D, Reyes P, Solis Rodriguez J, Knight D, 2023. Principal perceptions of the distance learning transition during the pandemic. Educational Policy 37(3): 653–675. https://doi.org/10.1177/08959048211049421

Dimopoulos K, Koutsampelas C, Tsatsaroni A, 2021. Home schooling through online teaching in the era of COVID-19: Exploring the role of home-related factors that deepen educational inequalities across European societies. European Educational Research Journal 20(4): 479-497. https://doi.org/10.1177/14749041211023331

Di Pietro G B, Biagi F, Dinis Mota Da Costa P, Karpinski Z, Mazza J, 2020. The Likely Impact of COVID-19 on Education: Reflections Based on the Existing Literature and Recent International Datasets. Luxembourg, Publications Office of the European Union. Retrieved from https://publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu/repository/handle/JRC121071

Dlamini T C, Zulu F Q B, 2024. Curriculum implementation challenges and responses during the COVID-19 pandemic in a rural secondary school in South Africa. African Journal of Career Development 6(1). https://doi.org/10.4102/ajcd.v6i1.73

Dorn E, Hancock B, Sarakatsannis J, Viruleg E, 2020. COVID-19 and learning loss—disparities grow, and students need help. McKinsey & Company8: 6-7. Retrieved from https://www.mckinsey.com/industries/public-sector/our-insights/covid-19-and-learning-loss-disparities-grow-and-students-need-help

Drane C, Vernon L, O’Shea S, 2020. The impact of ‘learning at home’ on the educational outcomes of vulnerable children in Australia during the COVID-19 pandemic. Literature Review prepared by the National Centre for Student Equity in Higher Education, Curtin University, Australia. Retrieved from https://www.ncsehe.edu.au/app/uploads/2020/04/NCSEHE_V2_Final_literaturereview-learningathome-covid19-final_30042020.pdf

Dvorsky M R, Shroff D, Bonds W B L, Steinberg A, Breaux R, Becker S P, 2023. Impacts of COVID-19 on the school experience of children and adolescents with special educational needs and disabilities. Current opinion in psychology. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101635

Dryden-Peterson, S. (2015). The educational experiences of refugee children in countries of first asylum. Migration Policy Institute. https://www.migrationpolicy.org/research/educational-experiences-refugee-children-countries-first-asylum

Engzell P, Frey A, Verhagen M D, 2020. Learning inequality during the COVID-19 pandemic. SocArXiv 29, 11. Retrieved from https://ideas.repec.org/p/osf/socarx/ve4z7.html

Espino-Díaz L, Fernandez-Caminero G, Hernandez-Lloret C M, Gonzalez-Gonzalez H, Alvarez-Castillo J L, 2020. Analyzing the Impact of COVID-19 on Education Professionals. Toward a Paradigm Shift: ICT and Neuroeducation as a Binomial of Action. Sustainability 12(14) 5646. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145646

European Commission. (2020). Education and training monitor 2020 – Greece. https://ec.europa.eu/education. Retrieved 3 July 2025.

Fish R E, Rangel D E, De Arcos N, Friend O, 2023. Inequality in the schooling experiences of disabled children and their families during COVID-19. Disability in the Time of Pandemic, Emerald Publishing Limited, pp. 135-153. https://doi.org/10.1108/S1479-354720230000013008

FRA – European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, 2020. Coronavirus pandemic in the EU – Fundamental Rights implications: Bulletin 5. https://fra.europa.eu. Retrieved 21 August 2025.

Gee K A, Asmundson V, Vang T, 2023. Educational impacts of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States: Inequities by race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status. Current Opinion in Psychology 52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2023.101643

Godsey M, 2020. Preparing for the COVID Slide: The summer slide already presented its challenges. how can educators prepare for potentially steeper knowledge loss? Literacy Today 38(1): 22-25.

Günbaş N, Gözüküçük M, 2020. Views of elementary school children’s parents about distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic. Sakarya University Journal of Education 10(3): 686-716. https://doi.org/10.19126/suje.789705

Haderlein S Κ, Saavedra A R, Polikoff M S, Silver D, Rapaport A, Garland M, 2021. Disparities in educational access in the time of COVID: Evidence from a nationally representative panel of American families. AERA Open 7. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584211041350

Hammerstein S, König C, Dreisörner T, Frey A, 2021. Effects of COVID-19-related school closures on student achievement-A systematic review. Frontiers in Psychology 4020. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.746289

Hayes S D, Flowers J, Williams S M, 2021. “Constant communication”: Rural principals' leadership practices during a global pandemic. Frontiers in Education 5. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2020.618067

Indrawati M, Prihadi C, Siantoro A, 2020. The COVID-19 Pandemic's impact on children’s education in disadvantaged and rural areas across Indonesia. International Journal of Education (IJE) 8(4): 19-33. Retrieved from https://airccse.com/ije/abstract/8420ije03.html

InstitoútoEkpaideftikísPolitikís, 2021. I ex apostáseosekpaídefsistinPrototávthmia kai DefterováthmiaEkpaídefsi: Apotímisi kai protáseis [Distance learning in Primary and Secondary Education: Evaluation and proposals]. IEP.

Jamilah J, Sukitman T, Fauzi M, 2021. Opportunities and challenges of digital learning media during the COVID-19 pandemic in primary school. Formatif: JurnalIlmiah Pendidikan MIPA, 11(2). http://dx.doi.org/10.30998/formatif.v11i2.9732

Julius J, Sims D, 2020. Schools' Responses to COVID-19: Support for Vulnerable Pupils and the Children of Keyworkers. National Foundation for Educational Research.

Kaden U, 2020. COVID-19 school closure-related changes to the professional life of a K–12 teacher. Education sciences 10(6), 165. https://doi.org/10.3390/educsci10060165

Kakana D, Roussi-Vergou C J, Garagouni-Areou F, Mavidou A, Manoli P, Theodosiou S, ... &Avgitidou S, 2017. Mapping the impact of economic crisis on Greek education: Teachers' views and perspectives. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science 7(3): 135-145. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316826238_Mapping_the_Impact_of_Economic_Crisis_on_Greek_Education_Teachers'_Views_and_Perspectives

Karpman M, Zuckerman S, Gonzalez D, Kenney G M, 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic is straining families’ abilities to afford basic needs. Washington, DC: Urban Institute, 500. Retrieved from https://www.urban.org/research/publication/covid-19-pandemic-straining-families-abilities-afford-basic-needs

Köhler T, Romankiewicz J, Manggalasari L C, Kendall A, Lambert L, Puttick M R, ... Rahm L, 2022. Mapping senior leaders’ perceptions of the impact of local and national COVID-19 closure/lockdown policies on schools and vulnerable young people and those at risk of exclusion. Report of findings. https://www.open-access.bcu.ac.uk/14301/. Retrieved 10 August 2025

Kouzelis G, Terlexi S, 2021. I technologikiypodomistascholeia kata tin pandimia: efkairies kai prokliseis [Technological infrastructure in schools during the pandemic: Opportunities and challenges]. Ekpaideftika Chronika, 24, 45–59.

Kuhfeld M, Lewis K, Peltier T, 2023. Reading achievement declines during the COVID-19 pandemic: evidence from 5 million U.S. students in grades 3–8. Reading and Writing 36: 245–261. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11145-022-10345-8

Kuhfeld M, Soland J, Lewis K, Ruzek E, Johnson A, 2022. The COVID-19 School Year: Learning and Recovery Across 2020-2021. AERA Open 8. https://doi.org/10.1177/23328584221099306

Kwakye I, Kibort-Crocker E, 2021. Facing Learning Disruption: Examining the Effects of the COVID-19 Pandemic on K-12 Students. Education Insights, Washington Student Achievement Council. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED613296

Lagi R K, 2020. COVID-19–resilient education in the islands. Higher Education Research & Development 39(7): 1367-1371. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2020.1825347

Larsen C A, 2013. The Rise and Fall of Social Cohesion: The Construction and De-construction of Social Trust in the US, UK, Sweden and Denmark. Oxford, Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199681846. Retrieved from https://vbn.aau.dk/ws/portalfiles/portal/77826714/Chapter_1_The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Social_Cohesion.pdf

Lee H Y, Kanthawala S, Choi E Y, Kim Y S, 2021. Rural and non-rural digital divide persists in older adults: Internet access, usage, and attitudes toward technology. Gerontechnology 20(2). https://journal.gerontechnology.org/archives/6169a69d75dd48fe95d8690d4b958b90.pdf

Lewis K, Kuhfeld M, Ruzek E, McEachin A, 2021. Learning during COVID-19: Reading and math achievement in the 2020-21 school year. Center for School and Student Progress. Retrieved from https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED645445

Longmuir F, 2021. Leading in lockdown: Community, communication and compassion in response to the COVID-19 crisis. Educational Management Administration & Leadership51(5): 1014-1030. https://doi.org/10.1177/17411432211027634

Lynch M, 2020. E-Learning during a global pandemic. Asian Journal of Distance Education 15(1). Retrieved from https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1290016.pdf

Mabeya M T, 2020. Distance learning during the COVID-19 crisis: Primary and secondary school parents' experiences in Kenya. East African Journal of Education Studies 2(1): 173-186. https://doi.org/10.37284/eajes.2.1.249

Magklara K, Lazaratou H, Barbouni A, Poulas K, Farsalinos K, Coronavirus Greece Research Group, 2020. Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic and lockdown measures on mental health of children and adolescents in Greece. MedRxiv, 2020-10. https://doi.org/10.1111/chso.12605

Marchionatti L E, Schafer J L, Karagiorga V E, Balikou P, Mitropoulou A, Serdari A, ... Kotsis K, 2024. The mental health care system for children and adolescents in Greece: a review and structure assessment. Frontiers in Health Services 4. https://doi.org/10.3389/frhs.2024.1470053

Masonbrink A R, Hurley E, 2020. Advocating for children during the COVID-19 school closures. Pediatrics 146(3). https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1440

McAleavy T, Joynes C, Gibbs E, Sims K, 2020. What steps are being taken to reach the most disadvantaged students during the period of COVID-19 school closure. Education Development Trust. https://edtechhub.org/wpcontent/uploads/2020/05/disadvantaged-students.pdf. Retrieved 20 July 2025.

McLeod S, Dulsky S, 2021. Resilience, reorientation, and reinvention: School leadership during the early months of the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Education 6: 1–13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.637075

Menashy F, Zakharia Z, 2022. Crisis upon crisis: Refugee education responses amid COVID-19. Peabody Journal of Education 97(3): 309-325. https://doi.org/10.1080/0161956X.2022.2079895

Minkos M L, Gelbar N W, 2021. Considerations for educators in supporting student learning in the midst of COVID‐19. Psychology in the Schools 58(2): 416-426. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22454

Moss G, Allen R, Bradbury A, Duncan S, Harmey S, Levy R, 2020. Primary teachers' experience of the COVID-19 lockdown – Eight key messages for policymakers going forward. UCL Institute of Education, London, UK. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342663000_Primary_teachers'_experience_of_the_COVID-19_lockdown_-_Eight_key_messages_for_policymakers_going_forward

Mourão S, Pinheiro S, Mendes M M, Caetano P, Magano O, 2023. How did the COVID-19 pandemic and digital divide impact Ciganos/Roma School pathways?. Social Sciences 12(2), 86. https://doi.org/10.3390/socsci12020086

Mustafa N, 2020. Impact of the 2019-20 Coronavirus Pandemic on Education. International Journal of Health Preferences Research 1-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.27946.98245

Ngware M, Ochieng V, 2020. EdTech and the COVID-19 response: A case study of Kenya. EdTech Hub. https://docs.edtechhub.org/lib/SMLIMS2X/download/UBFPWLAX/Ngware%20and%20Ochieng%20-%202020%20-%20EdTech%20and%20the%20COVID-19%20response%20A%20case%20study%20of%20.pdf. Retrieved 18 August 2025.

Nikiforos, S., Anastasopoulou, E., Pappa, A., Tzanavaris, S., &Kermanidis, K. L. (2024). Teachers’ needs for support during emergency remote teaching in Greek schools: Role of social networks. Computers 13(7), 177. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.3390/computers13070177

Ochieng V, Ngware M, 2023. Adoption of education technologies for learning during the COVID-19 pandemic: The experiences of marginalized and vulnerable learner populations in Kenya. International journal of educational reform 32(4): 464-487. https://doi.org/10.1177/10567879221076081

OECD, 2020. Public spending on education. https://www.oecd.org/en/data/indicators/public-spending-on-education.html. Retrieved 5 July 2025.

Olingo A, 2020. Economy hit hard as services slow down; Daily Nation P. 2. Nation Media Group, Nairobi, Kenya. Retrieved from https://nation.africa/kenya/news/economy-hit-hard-as-services-slow-down-cs-yatani-reveals-287980

Open Society Foundations. (2020). Roma in the COVID-19 crisis: An early warning from six EU member states. https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/publications/roma-in-the-covid-19-crisis. Retrieved 22 July 2025.

O’Shea S, Delahunty J, Gigliotti A, 2020. Consumer or collaborator: Exploring a ‘students as partners’ approach to delivering effective support and outreach programs. In Megan Kek & Henk Huijser (Eds.) Student Support Services: Exploring impact on student engagement, experience and learning. Springer, UK.

Parczewska T, 2021. Difficult situations and ways of coping with them in the experiences of parents homeschooling their children during the COVID-19 pandemic in Poland. Education3-13 49(7): 889-900. https://doi.org/10.1080/03004279.2020.1812689

Petrie C, Aladin K, Ranjan P, Javangwe R, Gilliland D, Tuominen S, Lasse L, 2020. Quality education for all during COVID-19. Report from hundrED.org in partnership with the OECD.

Pinoncely V, 2016. Poverty, place and inequality: Why place-based approaches are key to tackling poverty and inequality. London, Royal Town Planning Institute. Retrieved from https://inclusioncornwall.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2015/05/poverty_place_and_inequality.pdf

Pikulski P J, Pella J E, Casline E P, Hale A E, Drake K, Ginsburg G S, 2020. School connectedness and child anxiety. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools 30(1): 13-24. https://doi.org/10.1017/jgc.2020.3

Polydoros G, Alasona N, 2021. Teaching and learning during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of Research and Opinion 8(6): 2954-2963.

Rao N, Fisher P A, 2021. The impact of the COVID‐19 pandemic on child and adolescent development around the world. Child development 92(5), 738. Retrieved from https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/cdev.13653

Rasmitadila R, Aliyyah R R, Rachmadtullah R, Samsudin A, Syaodih E, Nurtanto M, Tambunan A R S, 2020. The perceptions of primary school teachers of online learning during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies 7(2): 90-109. https://doi.org/10.29333/ejecs/388

Sari T, Nayır F, 2020. Challenges in distance education during the COVID-19 pandemic period. Qualitative Research in Education 9(3): 328-360. https://doi.org/10.17583/qre.2020.5872

Save the Children. (2020). Save our education: Protect every child's right to learn in the COVID-19 response and recovery. https://resourcecentre.savethechildren.net/document/save-our-education-report/

Stelitano L, Doan S, Woo A, Diliberti M, Kaufman J H, Henry D, 2020. The digital divide and COVID-19: Teachers' perceptions of inequities in students' internet access and participation in remote learning. RAND. Retrieved from https://www.rand.org/pubs/research_reports/RRA134-3.html

Tadesse S, Muluye W, 2020. The impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the education system in developing countries: a review. Open Journal of Social Sciences 8(10), 159. https://doi.org/10.4236/jss.2020.810011

Tan K, 2020. Student Voice Matters: How are Malaysian Students Learning Online?. https://medium.com/project-id/student-voice-matters-how-are-malaysian-students-learning-online-2466a72ac7d2. Retrieved 17 July 2025

Thomas J, Barraket J, Wilson C K, Rennie E, Ewing S, MacDonald T, 2019. Measuring Australia’s digital divide: The Australian digital inclusion index 2019. Melbourne: RMIT University and Swinburne University of Technology, for Telstra https://figshare.swinburne.edu.au/articles/report/Measuring_Australia_s_digital_divide_the_Australian_digital_inclusion_index_2018/26279578?file=47643034. Retrieved 5 August 2025

Thompson P, 2013. The digital natives as learners: Technology use patterns and approaches to learning. Computers & Education 65: 12–33. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.12.022.

Tiruneh D, 2020. COVID-19 School Closures May Further Widen the Inequality Gaps between the Advantaged and the Disadvantaged in Ethiopia. The Education and Development Form. https://www.ukfiet.org/2020/covid-19-school-closures-may-further-widen-the-inequality-gaps-between-the-advantaged-and-the-disadvantaged-in-ethiopia/. Retrieved 15 July 2025.

Tosun N, Mihci C, Bayzan S, 2021. Challenges Encountered by In-Service K12 Teachers at the Beginning of the COVID-19 Pandemic Period: The Case of Turkey. Participatory Educational Research 8(4): 359-384. https://doi.org/10.17275/per.21.95.8.4

Tsakiridou E, Kakalopoulou G, Karamanidou A, Papadopoulou O, Tziouvara M R, 2014. Economic crisis and education in Greece. MENON: Journal of Educational Research 3: 5-25. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/280921128_Economic_Crisis_and_Education_in_Greece

Tzifopoulos M, 2020. In the Shadow of Coronavirus: Distance Education and Digital Literacy Skills in Greece. International Journal of Social Science and Technology 5: 1-14. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341358736_Tzifopoulos_M_2020_In_the_shadow_of_Coronavirus_Distance_education_and_digital_literacy_skills_in_Greece_International_Journal_of_Social_Science_and_Technology_52_1-14

Tziouvara M R, Kakana D M, 2025. Family-related Factors that Deteriorate Educational Inequalities: the Case of Emergency Remote Teaching (ERT) during the Covid-19 Pandemic in Greece. European Journal of Education Studies 12(4). http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v12i4.5885

UNESCO, 2021. Education: From disruption to recovery. https://en.UNESCO.org/covid19/educationresponse. Retrieved 7 July 2025

UNESCO, 2020a. How is Chile facing the COVID-19 education emergency? https://en.unesco.org/fieldoffice/santiago/articles/minister-education-Chile-covid-19. Retrieved 19 August 2025

UNESCO, 2020b. 10 recommendations to ensure that learning remains uninterrupted. Retrieved from: https://en.unesco.org/news/covid-19-10-recommendations-plan-distance-learningsolutions. Retrieved 6 August 2025

UNHCR, 2020. Five ways education continued for refugees during COVID-19. United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. https://www.unrefugees.org/news/five-ways-education-continued-for-refugees-during-covid-19/ Retrieved 6 August 2025

UNICEF, 2022. COVID-19 and children. UNICEF data hub. https://data.unicef.org/covid-19-and-children/. Retrieved 19 August 2025

UNICEF, 2021. Responding to COVID‐19: UNICEF annual report 2020. UNICEF. https://www.unicef.org/reports/unicef‐annual‐report‐2020. Retrieved 19 August 2025

UNICEF USA, 2021. Supporting refugee students’ education during COVID-19. UNICEF USA. https://www.unicefusa.org/stories/supporting-refugee-students-education-during-covid-19. Retrieved 9 July 2025

UNICEF, UNFPA, 2020. Families on the Edge. https://www.unicef.org/malaysia/reports/families-edge-issue-4. Retrieved 9 July 2025

UNICEF, 2019. UNICEF education strategy 2019–2030. https://www.unicef.org/media/59856/file/UNICEF-education-strategy-2019-2030.pdf. Retrieved 6 August 2025

United Cities and Local Governments, Metropolis, UN-Habitat, 2020. Live learning experience: Beyond the immediate response to the outbreak of COVID-19: Digital technologies and the COVID-19 pandemic. United Cities and Local Governments (UCLG). https://www.uclg.org/sites/default/files/eng_briefing_technology_final_x.pdf. Retrieved 19 July 2025.

Virella P M, Cobb C, 2021. Leveraging the Crisis for Equity and Access in the Long Term: A Brief Research Report. Frontiers in Education 6. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2021.618051

Vlachou A, Fyssa A, Papazis F, Toulia A, Papazoglou T, Tsermidou L, Kalaitzi S, 2023. The educational and psychosocial needs of students with additional provisions during COVID-19 in Greece: Parents’ perspectives against schools’ crisis management. Research in Developmental Disabilities 143. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2023.104638

Wang S K, Hsu H Y, Campbell T, Coster D, Longhurst M, 2014. An investigation of middle school science teachers and students' use of technology inside and outside of classrooms: Considering whether digital natives are more technology savvy than their teachers. Educational Technology Research and Development 62(6): 637–662. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-014-9355-4.

Woodward S, Kyffin F, Okeke R, Haughton C, Yafele A, Davis S, 2024. Responding to the needs of refugee learners in schools in Wales during the pandemic. Emotional and Behavioural Difficulties: 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/13632752.2024.2432081.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v12i11.6327

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Maria Rafaela Tziouvara, Domna - Mika Kakana Kakana

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2015-2026. European Journal of Education Studies (ISSN 2501 - 1111) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.


This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).