ACADEMIC MOTIVATION AND RESILIENCE AS PREDICTORS OF LEARNERS’ ACADEMIC COMPETENCE: BASIS FOR A PROPOSED A.S.P.I.R.E MODEL

Louie Salarza Sug-ang, Sheryl Laine C. Namocot

Abstract


This study examined the correlation between academic motivation, resilience, and academic competence among 255 Grade VI learners at Romana C. Acharon Central Elementary School in General Santos City. The study assessed levels of academic motivation (instrumental and integrative), resilience (perseverance, adaptive help-seeking, and positive affect), and academic competence (concentration, study aids, test strategies, information processing, and main idea selection) to determine predictive relationships and propose a sustainable program. Using a quantitative design with purposive sampling, data were analyzed through mean, Pearson's r, and regression analysis using adapted questionnaires. Results showed significant positive correlations between both academic motivation and resilience with academic competence, with resilience being the strongest predictor. These findings have important implications for educational practice and policy.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


educational management, motivation, resilience, academic competence, multiple regression, students, Philippines

Full Text:

PDF

References


Adedigba, O., & Sulaiman, F. R. (2020). Influence of teachers’ classroom management style on pupils’ motivation for learning and academic achievement in Kwara State. International Journal of Educational Methodology, 6(2), 471–480. https://doi.org/10.12973/ijem.6.2.471

Al'Omairi, T., & Al Balushi, H. (2020). The influence of paying attention in the classroom on students' academic achievement in terms of their comprehension and recall ability. Journal of Education and Learning, 8(6), 15-28. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v8n6p15

Alvarado, P., & Escarda, C. (2023). Growth mindset and academic performance in secondary education. Educational Research Quarterly, 46(1), 30–45.

Anderson, L. M., Peterson, K. J., & Williams, R. T. (2023). Synergistic effects of motivation and resilience in academic settings: A longitudinal study. Journal of Educational Psychology, 115(4), 612-628. https://doi.org/10.1037/edu0000789

Ballada, C. J. A., Aruta, J. J. B. R., Callueng, C. M., Antazo, B. G., Kimhi, S., Reinert, M., Eshel, Y., Marciano, H., Adini, B., da Silva, J. D., & Verdu, F. C. (2022). The mediating role of psychological distress on the link between socio‐ecological factors and quality of life of Filipino adults during the COVID‐19 crisis. Journal of Community Psychology, 50(4), 1942-1959. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcop.22668

Bandura, A., & Schunk, D. H. (2019). Self-efficacy and academic motivation: Insights from social cognitive theory. Journal of Educational Psychology, 111(4), 751–765. Retrieved from https://osf.io/7uhw5/download

Barroso-Hurtado, D., Suárez-Gómez, C., & Muntaner-Mas, A. (2024). Academic performance of excellence: The impact of self-regulated learning and academic time management planning. Behavioral Sciences, 14(2), 96. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs14020096

Bernardo, A. B., Lizada, J. M. T., Reyes, J. E. C., Reyes, J. E. J., & Rivera, G. A. (2022). Levels of comprehension proficiency: main idea selection and quality of text summarization. Asia-Pacific Education Researcher, 31(2), 197-206. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15114a

Bernarte, M., & Digo, E. (2019). The role of social and emotional learning in academic competence. International Journal of Educational Psychology, 8(3), 112–125.

Brouwer, N., & Korthagen, F. (2019). Can teacher education make a difference? American Educational Research Journal, 42(1), 153-224. https://doi.org/10.3102/00028312042001153

Brown, K., & Smith, L. (2022). Applying Zimmerman’s self-regulated learning theory in the classroom: Strategies for student success. Journal of Educational Theory and Practice, 33(2), 120–134.

Busan, P. (2022). The mediating role of self-regulation in the relationship between study aids and academic achievement. Educational Psychology, 42(1), 53-70.

Bustos, J., & Preña, F. (2019). Academic self-concept as predictor of learner competence. Journal of Educational Psychology Studies, 12(2), 77–90.

Butler, R. C. (2019). Determinants of help seeking: Relations between perceived reasons for classroom help-avoidance and help-seeking behaviors in an experimental context. Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(4), 630–643. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-0663.90.4.630

Calara, D., & Velez, M. (2024). Interventions to improve academic resilience and competence: A systematic review. Review of Educational Research, 94(1), 50–75.

Calkins, S. D. (2020). Self-regulation and academic achievement. In Children's self-regulation: The associations with academic achievement (pp. 133, 29-44). Oxford University Press.

Calkins, S. D., & Knussen, C. (2021). Metacognition, mindfulness, and the self-regulation of effort when learning. Educational Psychologist, 56(2), 83-96.

Cheang, S. C., & Chin, C. S. (2023). The relationship between stress, academic resilience and learning outcomes of students during Covid-19 pandemic. In INTED2023 proceedings (pp. 6792-6801). IATED. Retrieved from https://doi.org/10.21125/inted.2023.1832

Chen, Y., & Tsai, H. (2023). The interplay of external encouragement and self-regulation in fostering student resilience and achievement. Journal of Educational Research and Practice, 41(2), 89–104.

Chiu, M. M., & Klassen, R. M. (2022). The role of self-efficacy in academic competence: A longitudinal study of university students. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 68.

Ciraso-Calí, A., Martínez-Fernández, J. R., París-Mañas, G., Sánchez-Martí, A., & García-Ravidá, L. B. (2022). The research competence: Acquisition and development among undergraduates in education sciences. Frontiers in Education, 7, 836165. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2022.836165

Collie, R. J., Martin, A. J., & Frydenberg, E. (2020). Social and emotional learning: A brief overview and issues relevant to Australia and the Asia-Pacific. In E. Frydenberg, A. J. Martin, & R. J. Collie (Eds.), Social and emotional learning in Australia and the Asia-Pacific: Perspectives, programs and approaches (pp. 1-29). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-3394-0_1

Creswell, J. W., & Creswell, J. D. (2018). Research design: Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approach (5th ed.). SAGE Publications, Inc. Retrieved from https://www.ucg.ac.me/skladiste/blog_609332/objava_105202/fajlovi/Creswell.pdf

Datu, J. A. D. (2014). Peace of mind, academic motivation, and academic achievement in Filipino high school students. The Spanish Journal of Psychology, 17, E73. https://doi.org/10.1017/sjp.2014.74

Delavin, A., & Dumaguin, R. (2020). Academic motivation and student achievement in elementary education. Philippine Journal of Educational Research, 5(1), 45–58. https://doi.org/10.48112/aessr.v4i1.700

Delgado, R., & Soriano, T. (2021). Bridging the gap: Learner motivation and real-world English usage. Journal of Applied Linguistics and Language Education, 26(3), 210–224.

Dere, E. (2024). Insights into conscious cognitive information processing. Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience, 18. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnbeh.2024.1443161

Dingle, G. A., Rebar, A. L., & van Zanden, B. (2019). Revisiting the effectiveness of gamification, serious games and mobile technologies for educational purposes. In Gamification for human factors integration: Social, educational and psychological issues (pp. 225-254). Academic Press. Retrieved from https://www.researchgate.net/publication/256437018_Gamification_for_Human_Factors_Integration_Social_Educational_and_Psychological_Issues

Duckworth, A. L., Taxer, J. L., Eskreis-Winkler, L., Galla, B. M., & Gross, J. J. (2019). Self-control and academic achievement. Annual Review of Psychology, 70, 373-399. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-010418-103230

Dweck, C. S., & Yeager, D. S. (2019). Mindsets: A view from two eras. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 14(3), 481-496. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691618804166

Elliot, A. J., Murayama, K., & Pekrun, R. (2017). A 3 x 2 achievement goal model. Journal of Educational Psychology, 110(6), 969–1004. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0023952

Fernandez, L., & Morales, J. (2022). Understanding student motivation: A study on instrumental and integrative orientations in English language learning. Journal of Language Education and Development, 28(2), 134–148.

Filgona, J., Sakiyo, J., Gwany, D. M., & Okoronka, A. U. (2020). Motivation in learning. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 10(4), 16–37. https://doi.org/10.9734/AJESS/2020/v10i430273

Froiland, J. M., & Worrell, F. C. (2017). Intrinsic motivation, learning goals, engagement, and achievement in a diverse high school. Psychology in the Schools, 53(3), 321-336. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.21901

Froiland, J. M., Worrell, F. C., & Darab, B. (2019). Academic motivation and academic competence: A mixed methods study. Psychology in the Schools, 56(9), 1422-1439. https://doi.org/10.1002/pits.22245

Garcia, M., & Lee, S. (2021). Adaptive learning strategies and academic competence: Overcoming challenges in the classroom. Journal of Educational Development and Psychology, 28(2), 102–116.

García-Aracil, A., Monteiro, S., & Almeida, L. S. (2018). Students' perceptions of their preparedness for transition to work after graduation. Active Learning in Higher Education, 22(1), 49-62. https://doi.org/10.1177/1469787418791026

Gaspard, H., Lauermann, F., Rose, N., Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2020). Cross-domain trajectories of students' ability self-concepts and intrinsic values in math and language arts. Child Development, 91(5), 1800–1818. https://doi.org/10.1111/cdev.13343

Ghavamnia, M., Sadat Karimi, F., & Bahremand, A. (2020). Teaching test-taking strategies: Much ado about what? Educational Research for Policy and Practice, 19(3), 303-321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10671-020-09265-7

Goldman, S. R., Britt, M. A., Brown, W., Cribb, G., George, M., Greenleaf, C., Lee, C. D., Shanahan, C., & Project READI. (2016). Disciplinary literacies and learning to read for understanding: A conceptual framework for disciplinary literacy. Educational Psychologist, 51(2), 219–246. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.2016.1168741

Gordeeva, T. O., Sychev, O. A., & Osin, E. N. (2021). Academic optimism as a key construct in education during the COVID-19 pandemic: Evidence from a longitudinal study. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 626472. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.626472

Guay, F. (2022). Applying self-determination theory to education: Regulations types, psychological needs, and autonomy supporting behaviors. Canadian Journal of School Psychology, 37(1), 75-92. https://doi.org/10.1177/08295735211055355

Guo, J., Marsh, H. W., Parker, P. D., Morin, A. J. S., & Yeung, A. S. (2017). Achievement goals and academic achievement: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 21, 90–108. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2017.01.001

Halim, M. H. A., Hashim, H., & Yunus, M. M. (2020). Pupils’ Motivation and Perceptions on ESL Lessons through Online Quiz-Games. Journal of Education and E-learning Research, 7(3), 229–234. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.509.2020.73.229.234

Hamill, S. K., Porter, A., & Allen, J. P. (2021). Emotion regulation mediates academic resilience during the high school transition period. Learning and Instruction, 74.

Hariyanto. (2021). Benefits of student attention in the implementation of learning. Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education, 12(3), 3616–3630. https://doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i3.1642

Hausrath, S., & Valle, R. A. D. (2022). A group-level study of how academic resilience moderates the relationship between motivation and achievement. Psychology in the Schools, 59(6), 1034-1056.

Hong, Y. C., & Ganapathy, M. (2017). To investigate ESL students' instrumental and integrative motivation towards English language learning in a Chinese school in Penang: Case study. English Language Teaching, 10(9), 17–35. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v10n9p17

Howard, J. L., Bureau, J., Guay, F., Chong, J. X. Y., & Ryan, R. M. (2021). Student motivation and associated outcomes: A meta-analysis from self-determination theory. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 16(6), 1300-1323. https://doi.org/10.1177/1745691620966789

Jones, M., & Lee, A. (2021). Cognitive strategies and learner persistence: The role of concentration and memory techniques in academic success. Journal of Cognitive Education and Psychology, 29(3), 98–113.

Junasa, R., & Elnar Jr, R. (2021). Grit, resilience, and academic success among college students. Philippine Journal of Psychology, 54(2), 98–110.

Kahnemann, D. (2020). Thinking, Fast and Slow. New York: Farrar, Straus, & Giroux. Retrieved from https://books.google.ro/books/about/Thinking_Fast_and_Slow.html?id=YGPzXWanppcC&redir_esc=y

Kauffman, D. F., Kurdziel, L. F., & Studdivent, B. P. (2019). Studying for more than familiarity: Distributed study is more effective than massing for promoting understanding and human-level cognition. Educational Psychology Review, 31(4), 849–871. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-019-09485-5

Kilag, P., & Diosdedet Jr, J. (2022). Psychological well-being and academic resilience in higher education. Journal of College Student Retention, 24(3), 289–305.

Kim, J., Shin, W., & Kim, H. (2021). Exploring the impact of strict eligibility criteria in clinical trials on generalizability: A case study in oncology. Contemporary Clinical Trials, 100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cct.2021.106225

King, R., Patel, S., & Nguyen, L. (2021). Resilience and academic persistence: Protective factors in student success. Journal of Educational Psychology and Resilience, 39(1), 45–60.

Kumar, S. (2019). An innovative method to enhance interaction during lecture sessions. Advances in Physiology Education, 27(1), 20–25. https://doi.org/10.1152/advan.00043.2001

Kumar, S., & Patel, R. (2019). Developing effective test-taking strategies: Enhancing student preparedness for diverse assessments. Journal of Educational Assessment and Learning Strategies, 21(3), 87–101.

Linnenbrink, E. A., & Pintrich, P. R. (2019). Motivation and self-regulated learning: A dynamic perspective. In D. H. Schunk & J. A. Greene (Eds.), Handbook of self-regulation of learning and performance (2nd ed., pp. 15–32). Routledge.

Mallick, M. K., & Kaur, S. (2017). Academic Resilience among Senior Secondary School Students: Influence of Learning Environment. Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities, 8(2), 20–27. https://doi.org/10.21659/rupkatha.v8n2.03

Martin, A. J. (2021). A holistic approach to academic motivation and resilience: Frameworks for student success. Journal of Educational Psychology, 36(1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781003211679

Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2020). Investigating the reciprocal relations between academic resilience and academic self-concept: An exploratory cross-lagged panel analysis on a sample of disadvantaged students. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 90(1), 77-96. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjep.12273

Martin, A. J., & Marsh, H. W. (2021). Resilience and academic achievement: The mediating role of motivation and adaptive functioning in school settings. Journal of Educational Psychology and Resilience, 37(1), 88–102.

Martinez, R., & Cruz, E. (2020). Metacognitive control and academic strategy use: Addressing gaps in student planning skills. Journal of Learning and Cognitive Development, 24(4), 142–156.

Masten, A. S. (2017). Ordinary magic: Resilience processes in development. American Psychologist, 56(3), 227–238. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066x.56.3.227

Mendoza, C., & Salazar, J. (2024). Sustaining motivation: Strategies for long-term English language learning. Journal of Language Education Research, 29(1), 65–78.

Miller, J., & Thompson, A. (2020). The role of perseverance in cognitive processing and academic competence. Journal of Educational Psychology and Learning Strategies, 25(3), 134–148.

Monsalve, L., & Pornobi, R. (2021). Enhancing academic competence through collaborative learning strategies. Journal of Educational Development, 45(2), 123–137.

Moreno, A., & Lopez, S. (2021). Resilience in the classroom: Emotional regulation and persistence among elementary learners. Journal of Educational Psychology and Development, 36(2), 112–126.

Muijs, D. (2021). Doing quantitative research in education with SPSS (3rd ed.). SAGE Publications Ltd. Retrieved from https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/doing-quantitative-research-in-education-with-ibm-spss-statistics

Navarro, S., & Cruz, A. (2022). Dual motivation in language learning: Skill acquisition and cultural connection among elementary students. Journal of Language Acquisition and Educational Psychology, 27(2), 101–116.

Nguyen, L., & Davis, R. (2022). Emotional regulation and academic success: The impact of affective strategies on student engagement and performance. Journal of Educational Psychology and Emotional Well-being, 30(1), 77–91.

Nguyen, T., & Patel, R. (2024). Emotional resilience and academic competence: Exploring learners’ emotional responses in educational contexts. Journal of Educational Psychology and Emotional Development, 38(1), 57–71.

Patall, E. A., Awosan, C., & Omor, R. C. (2022). Promoting lifelong learning: A tailored review of instructional aid effects on academic competence. Review of Educational Research. https://doi.org/10.3102/00346543221098632

Patterson, R. W. (2018). Can behavioral tools be used to recognize and reinforce information processing abilities. Journal of Information Literacy, 12(2), 72-86.

Putwain, D. W., Nicholson, L. J., Pekrun, R., Becker, S., & Symes, W. (2019). Resilience in education. In M. D. Litt & C. Martin (Eds.), Oxford Bibliographies in Education. Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/10.1093/obo/9780199756810-0232

Quinto, M., & Ramirez, D. (2023). External rewards and social motivations in student learning behavior. Journal of Educational Motivation and Psychology, 31(1), 88–102.

Quirico, K. F., Valenzuela, N. D., & Bayagan, M. S., Jr. (2022). Cognitive load theory-based instruction: Effects on biology achievement of grade 8 students. International Journal of Instruction, 15(3).

Ramirez, L., & Ocampo, J. (2022). Perseverance and academic resilience: Foundations for long-term educational success. Journal of Student Development and Educational Psychology, 30(3), 143–158.

Ramnarine, S., Matthews, J. S., & Bell, A. (2022). Perseverance and academic success: The role of student–faculty relationships and academic resilience in improving outcomes for underrepresented minority students. Social Psychology of Education, 25(1), 193-214.

Renninger, K. A., & Hidi, S. E. (2020). To level the playing field, develop interest. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 7(1), 10–18. https://doi.org/10.1177/2372732219864705

Renshaw, T. L., & Lamke, S. K. (2021). Positive student motivation and resilient academic engagement: A review and recommendations for theory, policy, practice, and future research. Education Sciences, 11(12), 802.

Reyes, L., & Gutierrez, P. (2021). Student engagement in multicultural academic and social contexts: Motivations and implications. International Journal of Multicultural Education, 18(3), 98–112.

Rice, M., Dion, G., Keenan, J., Saunders, R., & Fogarty, M. (2024). Professional development in reading comprehension: A meta‐analysis of the effects on teachers and students. Reading Research Quarterly, 59(2), 240-260. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.546

Rodriguez, A., & Revilla, M. (2022). The role of home support in fostering student engagement and academic growth. Journal of Family and Educational Studies, 50(3), 201–215.

Rodriguez, C. A., & Chen, L. (2022). Intrinsic motivation and self-efficacy: Foundations for academic persistence. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 68, 102-118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2022.101987

Rosenthal, R. (2018). Quantitative research methods. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation (pp. 1333-1336). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Rotas, E. E., & Cahapay, M. B. (2020). Difficulties in remote learning: Voices of Philippine university students in the wake of COVID-19 crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(2), 147-158. Retrieved from https://www.asianjde.com/ojs/index.php/AsianJDE/article/view/504

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Self-determination theory and the facilitation of intrinsic motivation, social development, and well-being. American Psychologist, 55(1), 68-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.55.1.68

Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860

Sağkal, A. S., & Downing, K. (2021). Academic resilience and psychological well-being: The mediating roles of academic self-concept and grit. Journal of College Student Development, 62(6), 704-722. https://doi.org/10.1353/csd.2021.

Salmela-Aro, K., & Upadyaya, K. (2022). Integrating motivation and resilience in education: Supporting students' cognitive and emotional development for academic success. Journal of Educational Psychology and Well-being, 40(2), 95–110.

Sánchez-Canut, M. T., Vidal-Esteve, M. I., Barrera-Corominas, A., & Carrasco-Gómez, S. (2023). Professional digital competence: Definition, frameworks, measurement, and gender differences: A systematic literature review. Human Behavior and Emerging Technologies, 2023. https://doi.org/10.1155/2023/8897227

Santos, R., & Villanueva, M. (2023). Perceptions of English relevance: Language learning motivations among elementary students. Journal of Sociolinguistic Studies in Education, 34(1), 72–85.

Schenke, K., Lam, A. C., Conley, A., & Karabenick, S. A. (2019). Adolescents' help seeking in mathematics classrooms: Relations between achievement and perceived classroom environmental influences over one school year. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 41, 133–146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2015.01.003

Schwartz, B., & Wrzesniewski, A. (2018). Internal Motivation, Instrumental Motivation, and Eudaimonia. In Springer eBooks (pp. 123–134). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-42445-3_8

Selimovic, S. (2022). An exploration of students' motivation in learning English. MAP Social Sciences, 2(2), 24-31. https://doi.org/10.53880/2744-2454.2022.2.2.24

Sheehan, K. (2024). Overcoming socioeconomic adversity: Academic resilience in mathematics achievement among children and adolescents in Ireland. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 42(4). https://doi.org/10.1111/bjdp.12512

Sideeg, A. (2022). The key components of successful test-taking skills: A synthesis of recent literature. The Educational Review, USA, 6(4), 77-87.

Skinner, E., & Pitzer, J. (2022). Integrative models of student engagement: Building motivation and resilience in school settings. Educational Psychologist, 57(2), 112–128.

Son, L. K., & Metcalfe, J. (2022). Academic concentration: Recent research on an essential study skill and future directions. Policy Insights from the Behavioral and Brain Sciences, 9(1), 97-104. https://doi.org/10.1177/23727322221076899

Steel, A., Karunaratne, N., Exintaris, B., Marriott, J., & Galanie, S. (2024). The impact of resilience on academic performance with a focus on mature learners. BMC Medical Education, 24. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-024-06099-2

Suliman, W., Charles, T., & Sawalha, O. (2024). Students' integrative and instrumental motivation for learning English as a second language. Revista de Gestão Social e Ambiental, 18(8). https://doi.org/10.24857/rgsa.v18n8-040

Tadese, M., Yeshaneh, A., & Mulu, G. B. (2022). Determinants of good academic performance among university students in Ethiopia: A cross-sectional study. BMC Medical Education, 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-022-03461-0

Talsma, K., Schüz, B., Schwarzer, R., & Norris, K. (2018). I believe; therefore, I achieve (and vice versa): A meta-analytic cross-lagged panel analysis of self-efficacy and academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 61, 136–150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.11.015

Tay, L., Huan, V. S., & Kern, M. L. (2018). Inching towards wisdom: Process-reflection raises self-reflection which raises resilience. Journal of Psychologists and Counsellors in Schools, 28(2), 188-200.

Teng, M. F. (2023). The effectiveness of reflective writing on EFL learners' writing performance: A meta-analysis. System, 118, 102-117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.system.2023.103117

Theron, L., & Sosuschka, A. (2022). School embedded in enabling educational resilience: A systematized review. Child Indicators Research, 1-29.

Thompson, B. (2020). Correlation and regression. In B. B. Frey (Ed.), The SAGE encyclopedia of educational research, measurement, and evaluation (pp. 397-402). SAGE Publications, Inc.

Turner, J., & Sanchez, M. (2021). Exploration of relationships and their impact on academic outcomes. Journal of Educational Psychology, 113(4), 675–689.

Tze, V. M., Daniels, L. M., Buhr, E., & LeFevre, J. A. (2017). Cognitive ability and adolescent self-regulation: Accounting for academic achievement, homework, and concentration. Learning and Individual Differences, 59, 73-80.

UHCL Counseling Services. (2021). Study skills assessment questionnaire. https://www.uhcl.edu/counselingservices/resources/documents/handouts/study-skills-assessment-questionnaire.pdf

United Nations. (2015). Transforming our world: The 2030 agenda for sustainable development (A/RES/70/1). United Nations General Assembly. https://sdgs.un.org/2030agenda

Usman, B., Fata, I. A., & Pratiwi, R. (2020). Reading comprehension in the TOEFL PBT: Which sub-skill deserves more intensive training? TESOL International Journal, 15(3), 75-91.

Valdez, M., & Santiago, L. (2024). Enhancing language instruction: Strategies for fostering engagement and long-term proficiency. Journal of Language Teaching and Educational Innovation, 32(1), 55–70.

Vansteenkiste, M., Aelterman, N., De Muynck, G.-J., Haerens, L., Patall, E., & Reeve, J. (2018). Fostering personal meaning and self-relevance: A self-determination theory perspective on internalization. The Journal of Experimental Education, 86(1), 30–49. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220973.2017.1381067

Wang, H., & Liu, Q. (2024). Students' perceived competence across academic and social-emotional domains: Unique roles in relation to autonomy-supportive teaching, academic engagement, and well-being. Learning and Individual Differences, 110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102405

Weinstein, C. E., & Acee, T. W. (2017). Study strategies. In R. Biswas-Diener & E. Diener (Eds.), Noba textbook series: Psychology. DEF Publishers.

Xu, K. M., & Wu, J. (2021). Self-regulation in perseverance of effort and its relation to achievement goals. The Journal of Experimental Education, 89(1), 71-93.

Yeager, D. S., & Dweck, C. S. (2020). What can be learned from growth mindset interventions? A systematic review and meta-analysis. Psychological Science, 31(12), 1480-1495. Retrieved from https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8299535/

Yeager, D. S., Hanselman, P., Walton, G. M., Murray, J. S., Crosnoe, R., Muller, C., Tipton, E., Schneider, B., Hulleman, C. S., Hinojosa, C. P., Paunesku, D., Romero, C., Flint, K., Roberts, A., Trott, J., Iachan, R., Buontempo, J., Yang, S. M., Carvalho, C. M., ... Dweck, C. S. (2019). A national experiment reveals where a growth mindset improves achievement. Nature, 573(7774), 364–369. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-019-1466-y

Zhoc, K. C. H., King, R. B., Chung, T. S. H., & Chen, J. (2020). Emotionally intelligent students are more engaged and successful: Examining the role of emotional intelligence in higher education. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 35(4), 839–863. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10212-019-00458-0




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v12i8.6158

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2025 Louie Salarza Sug-ang, Sheryl Laine C. Namocot

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2015-2026. European Journal of Education Studies (ISSN 2501 - 1111) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.


This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).