A VIEW ON THE GREEK SHADOW EDUCATION AT THE ERA OF THE ECONOMIC CRISIS. HOW DO PRIVATE TUTORS’ WORKING CONDITIONS ARE FORMED?

Natasha Chatzidaki, Argyris Kyridis, Christos – Thomas Kechagias

Abstract


Shadow education is regarded by the majority of Greek students as a means to improve their school performance and maximize their chances of admission to higher education institutions. The financial crisis that struck Greece in 2009, has left its marks on all sectors of its economy; employers and employees in shadow education institutions have also been affected to a significant extend. The purpose of this study is to investigate private tutors’ working conditions as they have evolved in the period of the financial crisis. It is also examined the engagement of private tutors with financially vulnerable social groups and the degree at which the former alters their financial expectations in order not to exclude the latter from receiving complementary tutoring.

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


shadow education, shadow education in Greece, shadow education and economic crisis

Full Text:

PDF

References


Antoninis, M., & Tsakloglou, P. (2001). Who benefits from public education in Greece? Evidence and policy implications. Education Economics, 9(2), 197-222.

Babiniotis, G. (2002). Dictionary of modern Greek language. Athens: Center for Lexicology, 250.

Baker, D. P., Akiba, M., LeTendre, G. K. & Wiseman, A. W. (2001). Worldwide Shadow Education: Outside- School Learning, Institutional Quality of Schooling, and Cross-National Mathematics Achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 23(1), 1-17.

Baker, Ρ., Akiba, Μ., LeTendre, Κ., & Wisema, Α. (2001). Worldwide shadow education: Outside-school learning, institutional quality of schooling, and cross-national mathematics achievement. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 23(1), 1-17.

Ball, S. J. (2007). Education Plc. Private Sector Involvement in Public Sector Education. London: Routledge.

Botou, A., Mylonakou-Keke, I., Kalouri, O., & Tsergas, N. (2017). Primary school teachers’ resilience during the economic crisis in Greece. Psychology, 8(01), 131.

Bray, M. (1999). The shadow education system: private tutoring and its implications for planners. Paris: UNESCO International Institute for Educational Planning (IIEP).

Bray, M. (2003). Adverse effects of private supplementary tutoring: dimensions, implications, and government responses. (Ethics and Corruption in Education series). Paris: IIEP-UNESCO.

Bray, Μ. (2011). Τhe Challenge of Shadow Education: Private tutoring and its implications for policy makers in the European Union. NESSE for the European Commission. Brussels: Directorate - General for Education and Culture.

Chatzidaki A. (2020). Shadow education in Greece in times of economic crisis from the side of tutors’ social pedagogical adjustments. (Master Thesis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece). Retrieved in March 10 2020 from https://pergamos.lib.uoa.gr/uoa/dl/object/2897775 (in Greek)

Chatzidaki, N., & Kechagias, C. T. (2019). Can We Teach Creativity? Extending Socrates's Criteria to Modern Education. The Journal of Aesthetic Education, 53(4), 86-98.

Day C. & Gu Q. (2010). The New Lives of Teachers, London: The Routledge

European Commission. (2016). GREECE: Economy shows some resilience in face of capital controls. Brussels: Member States Annual Report Greece.

Eurostart. (2019, Μάιος). Eurostart Income poverty statistics. Retrieved in December 12 2019, from https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php?title=Income_poverty_statistics&oldid=440992#At-risk-of-poverty_rate_and_threshold

Fredriksen, K., & Rhodes, J. (2004). The role of teacher relationships in the lives of students. New directions for youth development, 2004(103), 45-54.

Giavrimis, P., Eleftherakis, T., & Koustourakis, G. (2018). An Approach of Shadow Education in Greece: Sociological Perspectives. Open Journal for Sociological Studies, 2, 71-82.

Gillborn, D. & Youdell, D. (2000). Rationing Education: Policy, Practice, Reform and Equity. Buckingham: Open University Press.

Glass, V. (1954). Social Mobility in Britain. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul.

Hair, F., Anderson, R., Tatham, R., & Black, W. (1995). Multivariate Data Analysis with Readings. London: Prentice-Hall International.

Hellenic Federation of Private Educational Officers of Greece (O.I.E.L.E.) (2019 a). After School Study Centers operate in buildings - warehouses and in dramatic hygienic conditions. Retrieved November 5 2019, from https://www.alfavita.gr/ekpaideysi/242117_oiele-se-ktiria-apothikes-kai-se-dramatikes-synthikes-ygieinis-leitoyrgoyn-ta (In Greek)

Hellenic Federation of Private Educational Officers of Greece (O.I.E.L.E.) (2019 b). Medieval and Employer Brutality: Provocative caregivers call on their hourly wage of € 3.50 for teachers! Retrieved in December 5 2019, from https://www.oiele.gr/μεσαιωνασ-και-εργοδοτικη-βαναυσοτητ/ (In Greek)

Hess, F. (2004). What is a “public school”? Principles for a new century. Phi Delta Kappan, 85(6), 433-439.

Hsieh, C. T. & Urquiola, M. (2003). When Schools Compete, How Do They Compete? An Assessment of Chile’s Nationwide School Voucher Program. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research

Kanellopoulos, C., & Psacharopoulos, G. (1997). Private education expenditure in a “free education” country: The case of Greece. International Journal of Educational Development, 17(1), 73–81.

Kang, C. (2007). Does money matter? the effect of private educational expenditures on academic performance: Evidence from exogenous variation in birth order. (Working Paper No. 0704). National University of Singapore. Retrieved in 2 January 2020, from http://www.fas.nus.edu.sg/ecs/pub/wp/wp0704.pdf

Karamarianos, G., Kyridis, A., Fotopoulos, N., & Chalkiotis, D. (2019). Public school in Greece. Aspects and Trends of Emerging Privatization. Retrieved on December 5 2019, from https://www.alfavita.gr/sites/default/files/2019-11/ΕΡΕΥΝΑ%20ΙΔΙΩΤΙΚΟΠΟΙΗΣΗΣ.pdf (In Greek)

Kassotakis, M., & Verdis, A. (2013). Shadow Education in Greece. στο Μ. Bray, Ε. Mazawi, & G. Sultana, Private Tutoring Across the Mediterranean. Comparative and International Education (A Diversity of Voices) (p. 93-113). Rotterdam: Sense Publishers.

Kechagias, C. T., & Antoniou, A. S. (2019). Goddess Athena as leader and mentor in Homeric epics. In Women, Business and Leadership (pp. 106-121). Edward Elgar Publishing.

Kechagias, C., Papaioannou, G., & Antoniou, A. (2018). In Clouds (Nubes) of Aristophanes, Socrates appears as a sophist school owner, the Phrontisterion (‘thinkery’), in which he hosts students of all ages, in order to teach them not only philosophy, literature, physics but also effective sophistic techniques. Dramaturgias, 7, 512-527.

Kechagias, C. T., Papaioannou, G., & Antoniou, A. S. Ideias e Críticas. Retrieved 2021/01/25,fromperiodicos.unb.br/index.php/dramaturgias/article/view/9426/8328

Kechagias, C. (2009). On the nature of position. Athens: Herodotos.

Kechagias, C. (2006). Operational principles and Social structure of the Greek culture. Athens: Atrapos.

Kelpanidis M. Polymili K. (2012). The prevalence of tutoring and the depreciation of the school in Greek education: Survey of pupils who attend shadow education in urban and semi-urban areas of Thessaloniki. Nea Pedia, 1-24 Retrieved in January 6 2020, from http://www.neapaideia-glossa.gr/pdf (In Greek).

Knight, D. M. (2013). The Greek economic crisis as trope. Focaal, 2013(65), 147-159.

Kyridis, A. (2003). Inequality in Greek education and access to university (1955-1985). Athens: Gutenberg (In Greek)

Lee, J., Kim, Y. & Yoon, C. (2004). The Effects of Pre-class Tutoring on Student Achievement, Challenges and Implications for Public Education in Korea. KEDI Journal of Educational Policy, 1(1), 25-42.

Liodaki, N. and N. Liodaki (2016). Some Effects of the Economic Crisis on Shadow Education in Greece, paper presented at the International Conference in Contemporary Social Studies, Retrieved in September 12 2019, from http://icconss.soc.uoc.gr/en/papers/item/193-some-effects-of-the-economic- crisis-on-shadow- education-in-greece.html.

Mori, I., & Baker, D. (2010). The origin of universal shadow education: what the supplemental education phenomenon tells us about the postmodern institution of education. Asia Pacific Education Review, 11(1), 36–48. doi:10.1007/s12564-009-9057-5

Mylonakou–Keke, I. (2013). Social Pedagogy: Theoretical, epistemological and methodological dimensions. Athens: Diadrasi (In Greek).

Mylonakou-Keke, I. (2015). 1844-2014: 170 years of social pedagogy – Can Greece’s economic crisis highlight the potential of social pedagogy? International Journal of Social Pedagogy – Special Issue ‘Social pedagogy in times of crisis in Greece', 4(1) 5-26.

Nambissam, G. B. (2012). Private Schools for the Poor: Business as Usual? Economic and Political Weekly, 47(41), 51-58.

Nunally, J. (1978). Psychometric Theory. New Delhi.: McGraw-Hill.

OECD. (2018). Education for a bright future in Greece. Organization for economic, Retrieved in March 12 2020 from https://www.oecd-ilibrary.org/docserver/9789264298750-en.pdf?expires=1584824414&id=id&accname=guest&checksum=99815432314FEC87C6E11FCFC481F28A

Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (O.E.C.D.) (2017). O.E.C.D Indicators. Education at a Glance 2017. Paris: O.E.C.D Publishing.

Panagiotopoulou, K. (2016). Students' view of the institution of tutoring and its impact on learning and teaching mathematics in the classroom. (Master Thesis, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece). Retrieved in December 5 2019, from https://pergamos.lib.uoa.gr/uoa/dl/frontend/el/browse/1317618 (In Greek)

Polychronaki, M. (2004). Educational mobility and training mechanisms. Student and public teacher assessments of the role of tutoring and special lessons in the transition from secondary to tertiary education (Master Thesis, University of Crete, Greece) Retrieved in December 6 2019, from https://elocus.lib.uoc.gr/dlib/f/7/f/metadata-dlib-2004polychronaki.tkl# (In Greek)

Polychronaki M. (September 2009). Shadow education: an unmatched institution of transcending university education systems. Retrieved in October 6 2019, from http://www.eriande.elemedu.upatras.gr/eriande/synedria/synedrio4/praktika1/p olyxronaki.htm (In Greek)

Polyzos A. (May 2019). An analysis and proposal for the IP04 industry over-numbers. Retrieved in November 7 2019, from alfavita.gr: https://www.alfavita.gr/ekpaideysi/287543_mia-analysi-kai-mia-protasi-gia- tis-yperarithmies-toy-kladoy-pe04 (In Greek)

Professional Association of Secondary Education Tutorial Owners (2008). Attitudes and habits towards tutoring and private lessons, Retrieved in 4 May 2019 from https://slideplayer.gr/slide/1895964/ (In Greek)

Psacharopoulos, G., & Papakonstantinou, G. (2005). The real university cost in a “free” higher education country. Economics of education review, 24(1), 103-108.

Sakellariou, N. (2019). Investigation of the tutorial choosing process with a quantitative approach. (Master Thesis, University of Macedonia, Greece). Retrieved in November 7 2020, from https://dspace.lib.uom.gr/handle/2159/23382?mode=full (In Greek)

Salaried Teachers' Association of Thessaloniki (February 2019). Shadow education owners want slaves tutors. Retrieved in December 5 2020, from https://thesstoday.gr/διαμαρτυρία-καθηγητών-οι-φροντιστηρ/ (In Greek)

Schniedewind, N. & Sapon-Shevin, M. (2012). Educational courage: Resisting the ambush of public education. Beacon, MA: Beacon.

Spector, P. (1992). Summated rating scale construction: An Introduction, in Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences. Beverly Hills CA: Sage.

Stefanopoulou, S., Kechagias, C. T., & Malafantis, K. D. (2021). Education in Fictional Dystopian Societies: The Case of Veronica Roth’s “Divergent”. Journal of Advances in Education Research, 6(1), 49.

Stefanopoulou, S., & Kechagias, C. (2018). Improving the educational practice using simulations in science education. The contribution of Althusser’s theory on the cognitive procedure. European Journal of Education Studies, 4(3), 61-78.

Tzani, M., & Kechagias, C. (2009). The guide and the mentor. Meri M. Promoting Teacher Education-From Intake system to teaching practice, 35-46.

University Research Institute (2012). Measuring attitudes of tutoring users in Attica. Investigation on behalf of the Athens Chamber of Commerce. Retrieved January 12 2020, from www.sefa.edu.gr/files/sefa_ereuna_2012.ppsx (In Greek)

Veikou C., Varesi E., Patouna A. (2008). Pedagogical Context: Study Content and Teaching Practice. In Gilezi V. Quality in Education: A Survey on the Evaluation of Quality Characteristics of the Primary and Secondary Education System (p. 89 – 196). Athens: Pedagogical Institute (In Greek).

Zambeta, E., & with the assistance of Asimina Kolofousi (2014). Education and Social Solidarity in times of Crisis: the case of voluntary shadow education in Greece. Education Inquiry, 5(1), 24058.

Zeng, K. (1999). Dragon gate: competitive examinations and their consequences. London: Cassell.

Ziontaki Z. (2019). The educational choices of families during the period of the economic financial crisis: the educational "path" of the students and their families from the kindergarden to the university (PhD Thesis, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece). Retrieved in January 2 2020, from https://www.didaktorika.gr/eadd/handle/10442/46445 (In Greek).




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v8i3.3649

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2021 Natasha Chatzidaki, Argyris Kyridis, Christos – Thomas Kechagias

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2015-2023. European Journal of Education Studies (ISSN 2501 - 1111) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.


This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).