TEACHERS’ CREATIVITY AND CRITICAL THINKING DISPOSITION AS PREDICTORS OF STUDENTS’ ENGAGEMENT IN TECHNOLOGY AND LIVELIHOOD EDUCATION CLASS
Abstract
This study examined whether teachers’ creativity and teachers’ critical thinking disposition predicted students’ engagement in Technology and Livelihood Education (TLE) classes. Using a quantitative, descriptive–correlational approach, data were gathered from Senior High School learners enrolled in the Technical-Vocational strand in public schools. Stratified random sampling were used and a total of 300 respondents answers the standardized survey instruments to assess teachers’ creativity, teachers’ critical thinking disposition, and students’ engagement in terms of cognitive, affective, and behavioral dimensions. Results showed that teachers’ creativity and critical thinking disposition were generally high, and students’ engagement in TLE classes was likewise high across engagement domains. Correlational analysis revealed significant positive relationships between teachers’ creativity and students’ engagement, and between teachers’ critical thinking disposition and students’ engagement, indicating that learners tended to be more engaged when teachers demonstrated stronger creative practices and reflective, open-minded thinking dispositions. Regression analysis further showed that teachers’ creativity and critical thinking disposition significantly influenced student engagement, both independently and when combined, suggesting that these teacher-related factors explained variation how students participated, persisted, and invested effort in learning tasks. The study contributed to literature by examining the combined role of teachers’ creativity and critical thinking disposition as predictors of student engagement within a TLE context and offered guidance for teacher development.
SDG Indicators: #4 Quality Education, #8 Decent Work and Economic Growth
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Adriansen, H. K. (2019). How criticality affects students' creativity? In C. Nygaard, N. Courtney & C. Holtham (Eds.), Teaching creativity, (pp. 65-84), Libri Publishing. https://pure.au.dk/ws/files/54505921/How_criticality_affects_students_creativity.pdf
Ajayi, T., Amosun, P. A., & Ige, O. A. (2020). Impact of online resources on pre-service teachers’ academic performance in social studies concepts. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(11B), 5716–5721. https://doi.org/10.13 189/ujer.2020.082205
Akpur, U. (2020). Critical, reflective, creative thinking and their reflections on academic achievement. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2020.100683
Alkhatib, O. J. (2019). A Framework for Implementing Higher-Order Thinking Skills (Problem-Solving, Critical Thinking, Creative Thinking, and Decision-Making) in Engineering & Humanities. 2019 Advances in Science and Engineering Technology International Conferences (ASET), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1109/ica set.2019.8714232
Allen, K., Jamshidi, N., Berger, E., Reupert, A., Wurf, G., & May, F. (2021, June 25). Impact of School-Based Interventions for Building School Belonging in Adolescence: a Systematic Review. Educational psychology review, 34(1), 229-257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10648-021-09621-w
Almulla, M. (2018). Investigating teachers’ perceptions of their own practices to improve students’ critical thinking in secondary schools in Saudi Arabia. International Journal of Cognitive Research in Science, Engineering and Education, 6(3), 15–27. https://doi.org/10.5937/ijcrsee1803015a
Alsaleh, N. J. (2020). Teaching Critical thinking Skills: literature review. The Turkish Online Journal of Educational Technology, 19(1), 21–39. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1239945.pdf
Álvarez-Huerta, P., Muela, A., & Larrea, I. (2022). Disposition toward critical thinking and creative confidence beliefs in higher education students: The mediating role of openness to diversity and challenge. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 43, 101003. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2022.101 00
Ambrose, K. (2023, January 23). Facilitating and assessing student engagement in the classroom. Center for Teaching & Learning. Retrieved May 25, 2024, from https://www.colorado.edu/center/teaching-learning/2023/01/23/facilitating-and-assessing-student-engagement-classroom
Amiri, A K. (2020, October 9). Challenges Faced by School Students: Some Concerns in Developing Countries of Asia (India, Afghanistan, Iran, etc). Researchers' Guild, 2(1), 71-81. https://doi.org/10.15503/rg2019.8
Anaktototy, K. (2023). Promoting Creativity and Innovation in the Teaching and Learning Process. Edu Sciences Journal, 4(1), 59–66. https://doi.org/10.30598/edusciencesvol4iss1pp 59-66
Anderson, L. W. and Krathwohl, D. R., et al. (Eds..) (2001). A Taxonomy for Learning, Teaching, and Assessing: A Revision of Bloom’s Taxonomy of Educational Objectives. Allyn & Bacon. Boston, MA (Pearson Education Group)
Andiliou, A., & Murphy, P. K. (2010). Examining variations among researchers’ and teachers’ conceptualizations of creativity: A review and synthesis of contemporary research. Educational Research Review, 5(3), 201–219. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev. 2010.07.003
Anggraeni, D. M., Prahani, B. K., Suprapto, N., Shofiyah, N., & Jatmiko, B. (2023). Systematic review of problem-based learning research in fostering critical thinking skills. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 49. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2023.101334
Archambault, I., Janosz, M., Morizot, J., & Pagani, L. (2009). Adolescent Behavioral, Affective, and Cognitive engagement in School: Relationship to Dropout. Journal of School Health, 79(9), 408–415. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1746-1561.2009.00428.x
Astin, A. W. (2020). Student involvement: A developmental theory for higher education. Middel Sex Community College, 25(5), 297–308. https://www.middlesex.mass.edu/ace/downloads/astininv.pdf
Austin, G., & Benard, B. (2007). The state data system to assess learning barriers, supports, and engagement: Implications for school reform efforts. Sacramento, CA: California Education Policy Convening.
Anderson, A. R., Christenson, S. L., Sinclair, M. F., & Lehr, C. A. (2004). Check & Connect: The importance of relationships for promoting engagement with school. Journal of School Psychology, 42(2), 95–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsp.2004.01.002
Bao, L., & Koenig, K. (2020). Physics education research for 21st century learning. Disciplinary and Interdisciplinary Science Education Research, 1(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s43031-019-0007-8
Barcelona, K. E. P., Daling, B. J., Doria, P., Balangiao, S. J., Mailes, M. J., Chiang, P. M., & Ubatay, D. (2023). Challenges and Opportunities of TLE teachers in Philippine Public Schools: an inquiry. British Journal of Multidisciplinary and Advanced Studies 4(4), 44–60. https://doi.org/10.37745/bjmas.2022.0247
Bedir, H. (2021). Pre-service ELT Teachers’ Beliefs and Perceptions on 21st Century Learning and Innovation Skills (4CS). Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 15(1), 231–246. https://doi.org/10.17263/jlls.547718
Beghetto, R. A. (2021). Creative learning in education. In Springer eBooks (pp. 473–491). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-64537-3_19
Benedek, M. (2024). On the relationship between creative potential and creative achievement: Challenges and future directions. Learning and Individual Differences, 110, 102424. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2024.102424
Bennett, T. A., & Boesdorfer, S. B. (2020). Coupling PhET simulations and POGIL: High school chemistry students’ learning and engagement in argumentation on the topic of atomic theory. Journal of Teacher Action Research, 6(2), 26–53.
Bernstein, L. (2022). Student Engagement: Why it Matters. In Xello Blog. Xello World. Retrieved September 21, 2024, from https://xello.world/e n/blog/student-engagement/what-is-student-engagement/
Binder, M. (2023, September 26). 4 Cooperative Learning Strategies for Your Class. Thinkific.com. Retrieved April 25, 2024, from https://www.thinkific.com/b log/cooperative-learning-strategies/
Bloom, L. A., & Doss, K. (2019). Using technology to foster creative and critical thinking in the classroom. In J. Keengwe & R. Byamukama (Eds.), Handbook of research on promoting higher-order skills and global competencies in life and work (pp. 70–84). IGI Global. https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6331-0.ch005
Bloom, L. A., & Doss, K. (2020). Using technology to foster creative and critical thinking in the classroom. In Advances in higher education and professional development book series (pp. 70–84). https://doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-6331-0.ch005
Bual, J. M., & Madrigal, D. V. (2021). Correlating the school climate and teacher leadership of Catholic schools in Antique, Philippines. Asian Journal of Education and Social Studies, 22–34. https://doi.org/10.9734/aj ess/2021/v21i430514
Castells, N., Minguela, M., Solé, I., Miras, M., Nadal, E., & Rijlaarsdam, G. (2021). Improving Questioning–Answering Strategies in Learning from Multiple Complementary Texts: An Intervention Study. Reading Research Quarterly, 57(3), 879–912. https://doi.org/10.1002/rrq.451
Cents-Boonstra, M., Lichtwarck-Aschoff, A., Denessen, E., Aelterman, N., & Haerens, L. (2020). Fostering student engagement with motivating teaching: an observation study of teacher and student behaviours. Research Papers in Education, 36(6), 754–779. https://doi.org/10.1 080/02671522.2020.1767184
Champion, K. E., Gardner, L. A., McGowan, C., Chapman, C., Thornton, L., Parmenter, B., McBride, N., Lubans, D. R., McCann, K., Spring, B., Teesson, M., & Newton, N. C. (2020). A Web-Based intervention to prevent multiple chronic disease risk factors among adolescents: Co-Design and user testing of the Health4Life School-Based Program. JMIR Formative Research, 4(7). https://doi.org/10.2196/19485
Chapman, E. (2021). Alternative approaches to assessing student engagement rates. Practical Assessment, Research & Evaluation, 8(13), 1–10. https://doi.org/10.7275/3e6e-8353
Choy, S. C., & Oo, P. S. (2012). Reflective Thinking And Teaching Practices: A Precursor For Incorporating Critical Thinking Into The Classroom? DergiPark (Istanbul University), 5(1), 167–182. https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/eiji/article/70051
Conway, K. (2022). Critical Thinking & Informed Decision-Making. PressBooks. Retrieved October 15, 2024, from https://pressbooks.pub/techcurr20221/chapter/critical-thinking-and-informed-decision-making /
Dalimunthe, H. A., Dewi, I. K., Yunita, Y., Faadhil, F., & Lubis, D. M. G. S. (2024). Building a supportive learning environment: The role of psychology in increasing student motivation and engagement. OPSearch American Journal of Open Research, 3(4), 934–939. https://doi.org/10.58811/opsearch.v3i4.107
Darling-Aduana, J. (2020). Behavioral engagement shifts among At-Risk High School students enrolled in online courses. AERA Open, 5(4). https://doi.org/10.1177/2332858419887736
Davidian. (2023, April 4). Scepticism: Doubt, Denial and Dogmatism in The Skeptic Community. Answesr in Reason. Retrieved October 21, 2024, from https://www.answers-in-reason.com/philosophy/epistemology/reson /scepticism-doubt-denial-and-dogmatism-in-the-skeptic-community/
Davies, D., Jindal-Snape, D., Collier, C., Digby, R., Hay, P., & Howe, A. (2021). Creative learning environments in education—A systematic literature review. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 8, 80–91. https://doi.org/10. 1016/j.tsc.2021.07.004
Davies, L. M., Newton, L. D., & Newton, D. P. (2020). Creativity as a twenty-first-century competence: an exploratory study of provision and reality. Education 3-13, 46(7), 879–891. https://doi.org/10.10 80/030 04279.2 017.1385641
De Furia, C. (2021). Solving the Student Engagement Crisis. EdNews Daily. Retrieved April 14, 2024, from https://www.ednewsdaily.com/solving-the-student-engagement-crisis/
Del Arco, I., Silva, P., & Flores, O. (2021). University teaching in Times of Confinement: The light and shadows of compulsory Online learning. Sustainability, 13(1), 375. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13010375
Dinoy, R B., Beltran, R A., Bulilan, R S., Vito, M P., Viodor, A C., Monalim, J A., & Ombajin, B M. (2020, January 1). Needs Assessment in Danahao Integrated School. International Journal of English, Literature and Social Science, 5(6), 1985-1991. https://doi.org/10.22161/ijels.56.26
Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Ismagilova, E., Aarts, G., Coombs, C., Crick, T., Duan, Y., Dwivedi, R., Edwards, J., Eirug, A., Galanos, V., Ilavarasan, P. V., Janssen, M., Jones, P., Kar, A. K., Kizgin, H., Kronemann, B., Lal, B., Lucini, B., . . . Williams, M. D. (2021). Artificial Intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002
Ed Matthews (2023, August 18). Assessing Critical Thinking Skills for 21st-Century Learning. Tao Testing. Retrieved October 11, 2024, from https://www.taotesting.com/blog/assessing-critical-thinking-skills-for-
Egonwa Ifesinach, Asuru Vincent Anosike, & Ouserigha Egedeba Agnes (2025). Rethinking Teacher Education: Inquiry-Based Learning for Effective Teaching and Learning. International Journal of Research Publication and Reviews, Vol (6) (Issue 5), 15508-15514. https://ijrpr.com/uplo ads/V6ISSUE5/IJRPR46869.pdf
Esman, E. N., Bual, J. M., & Madrigal, D. V. (2023). Twenty-first century teaching skills and job satisfaction of public senior high school teachers in Central Philippines. Asian Journal of Advanced Research and Reports, 17(7), 46–62. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajarr/202 3/v17i7493
Facione, P. A. (2000). The Disposition toward Critical Thinking: Its Character, Measurement, and Relationship to Critical Thinking Skill. Informal Logic, 20(1), 150-153. https://doi.org/10.22329/il.v20i1.2254
Fredericks, J. A., Blumenfeld, P. C., & Paris, A. H. (2004). School Engagement: Potential of the Concept, State of the Evidence. Review of Educational Research, 74(1), pp. 59-109.
Freund, P.A., & Holling, H. (2020). Creativity in the Classroom: A multilevelanalysis i nvestigating the impact of creativity and reasoning ability on GPA. Creativity Research Journal, 20(3), 309–318. https://doi.org/10.1080/10400410802278776
Frye, S. (2023). The Importance of Student Engagement. Panorama Education. Retrieved April 16, 2024, from https://www.panoramaed.com/blog/importance-of-student-engagement
Gamboa, J. T., Arceo, L. J. D., Guico, R. M. B., Lacson, A. N., Sugarno, P. M., & Robinos, J. R. O. (2024). Working To-Get-There: Student and teacher relationship towards a meaningful teaching and learning Experience. International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.54476/ioer-imrj/958740
Gerdts-Andresen, T., Hansen, M. T., & Grøndahl, V. A. (2021). Educational effectiveness: validation of an instrument to measure students’ critical thinking and disposition. International Journal of Instruction, 15(1), 685–700. https://doi.org/10.29333/iji.2022.15139a
Gholam, & Petro, A. (2019). Inquiry-Based Learning: student teachers’ challenges and perceptions. Journal of Inquiry and Action in Education, 10(2), 6. https://digitalcommons.buffalostate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1165&context=jiae
Golden, B. (2023). Enabling critical thinking development in higher education through the use of a structured planning tool. Irish Educational Studies, 42(4), 949–969. https://doi.org/10.1080/03323315.2023.2258497
Gupta, S., & Nagpal, R. (2021). University Student Engagement Scale: development and validation in the Indian context. MIER Journal of Educational Studies Trends & Practices, 223–235. https://doi.org/10.52 634/mier/2021/v11/i2/1903
Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275–285. https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.susoc.2022.05.004
Han, W., & Abdrahim, N. A. (2023). The role of teachers’ creativity in higher education: A systematic literature review and guidance for future research. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 48, 101302. https://doi.org/10.1 016/j.tsc.2023.101302
Hayat, A. A., Shateri, K., Amini, M., & Shokrpour, N. (2020). Relationships between academic self-efficacy, learning-related emotions, and metacognitive learning strategies with academic performance in medical students: a structural equation model. BMC Medical Education, 20(1), 76. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-020-01995-9
Heilporn, G., Raynault, A., & Frenette, É. (2023). Student engagement in a higher education course: A multidimensional scale for different course modalities. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 9. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssaho.2023.100794
Heinrich, C. J., Darling-Aduana, J., Good, A., & Cheng, H. (2019). A look inside online educational settings in high school: promise and pitfalls for improving educational opportunities and outcomes. American Educational Research Journal, 56(6), 2147–2188. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831219838776
Homayoun, S., & Henriksen, D. (2018). Creativity in Business Education: A review of Creative Self-Belief Theories and Arts-Based Methods. Journal of Open Innovation Technology Market and Complexity, 4(4), 55. https://doi.org/10.3390/joitmc4040055
Hospel, V., Galand, B., & Janosz, M. (2021). Multidimensionality of behavioural engagement: Empirical support and implications. International Journal of Educational Research, 77, 3749. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijer.2016.02.007
Iheoma, N. E., & Uchenna, O. P. (2020). Effective classroom management: a panacea for enhancing students' learning experience and satisfaction in higher education. British Journal of Education, 8(1), 10–19. https://doi.org/10.37745/bje/vol8.no1.pp10-19.2020
Jaggars, S. S. (2014). Choosing between online and Face-to-Face courses: Community College student voices. American Journal of Distance Education, 28(1), 27–38. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923647.2014.867697
Jasni, S. R., Zailani, Ahmad, S., & Zainal, H. (2020). Impak pendekatan kreatif dalam pengajaran dan pembelajaran kosa kata Arab. BITARA Int. J. Civiliz. Stud. Human Sci. 3, 10–21. Available online at: https://bitarajournal.com/index.php/bitarajournal/article/view/96/88
Jerusalem, R. (2020). Teachers’ Innovative Teaching Strategies: Scale Development Using Exploratory Factor Analysis, Rustico Y. Jerusalem, RN, EdD, International Journal of Social Science and Humanities Research. Retrieved April 1, 2020, from https://www.researchpublish.com/papers/teachers-innovative-teaching-strategies-scale-development-using-exploratory-factor-analysis
Justyna, E. (2016, May 1). Creativity in higher education curriculum: A qualitative case study of pedagogical processes and practices. http://hdl.handle.net/2346/67036
Kuh, G. D. (2001). Assessing what really matters to student Learning Inside the National Survey of Student Engagement. Change the Magazine of Higher Learning, 33(3), 10–17. https://doi.org/10.1080/00091380109601795
Leibovitch, Y. M., Beencke, A., Ellerton, P. J., McBrien, C., Robinson-Taylor, C., & Brown, D. J. (2024). Teachers’ (evolving) beliefs about critical thinking education during professional learning: A multi-case case study. Thinking Skills and Creativity, 101725. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tsc.2024.101725
Levy, M. S. (2011). Migrant Laptops: Extending the academic day for the children of farm workers and their credit recovery via laptops. Computers in the Schools, 28(2), 140–157. https://doi.org/10.1080/07380569.2011.577396
Li, L., & Yang, S. (2021). Exploring the influence of Teacher-Student interaction on university students’ Self-Efficacy in the flipped classroom. Journal of Education and Learning, 10(2), 84. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v10n2p84
Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Zhao, X., & Jia, F. (2021). Fostering EFL/ESLstudents’langua ge achievement: The role of teachers’ enthusiasm and classroom enjoyment. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.781118
Machost, H., & Stains, M. (2023). Reflective Practices in Education: A primer for practitioners. CBE - Life Sciences Education, 22(2). https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.22-07-0148
Mallillin, L. L. D., Mallillin, J. B., Ampongan, Y. D., Lipayon, I. C., Mejica, M. M., & Burabo, J. Z. (2023). Instructional design for an effective classroom. Pedagogy of teaching. Eureka Journal of Educational Research, 1(2), 41–52. https://doi.org/10.56773/ejer.v1i2.6
McLeod, S. (2025). Constructivism Learning Theory & Philosophy of Education. Simply Psychology. https://www.simplypsychology.org/constructivism.html
Munna, A. S., & Kalam, M. A. (2021). Teaching and learning process to enhance teaching effectiveness: literature review. International Journal of Humanities and Innovation (IJHI), 4(1),14. https://doi.org/10.33750/ijhi.v4i1.102
Nadeem, H. A., Mehmood, E., & Haider, I. (n.d.). Cognitive and Affective Engagement in a Comparative Perspective: Evidence of Formal and Non-Formal Post-Graduate Students. Commonwealth of Learning. Retrieved October 21, 2024, from https://oasis.col.org/server/api/core/bitstreams/64d67ffc-b9a3-4bedb6eae81b17e4a2aa/content#:~:text=Affective%20Engagement%20provides%20self%2Dreport,and%20perceptions%20towards%20the%20institution
Nakano, T. de C., & Wechsler, S. M. (2018). Creativity and innovation: Skills for the 21st century. Estudos de Psicologia (Campinas), 35(3), 237–246. https://doi.org/10.1590/1982-02752018000300002 (SciELO)
Nuňez, A. B., & Despi, D. E. (2025). Enhancing Classroom Instruction of Teachers Through Professional Development Programs. International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology (IJISRT), 440–454, 440–454. https://doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt/25mar611
Nurhayati, N., Angkarini, T., & Tanamal, N. A. (2021). Students’ perception of teachers’ creativity in implementing home learning at SMK Duta Mas. Scope Journal of English Language Teaching, 5(2),90. https://doi.org/10.30998/scope.v5i2.8655
OpenStax. (2024). 12.4 Testing the significance of the correlation coefficient. In Introductory Statistics 2e. Rice University. https://openstax.org/books/int roductory-statistics-2e/pages/12-4-testing-the-significance-of-the-correl ation-coefficient
Padayichie, K (2023, May 22). Creative Education. Retrieved from https://www.structural-learning.com/post/creative-education
Padillo, G. G., Manguilimotan, R. P., Capuno, R. G., & Espina, R. C. (2021). Professional development activities and teacher performance. International Journal of Education and Practice, 9(3), 497–506. https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.61.2021.93.497.506
Pahayahay, A., & Khalili-Mahani, N. (2020). What Media Helps, What Media Hurts: A Mixed Methods Survey Study of Coping with COVID-19 Using the Media Repertoire Framework and the Appraisal Theory of Stress. Journal of Medical Internet Research, 22(8). https://doi.org/10.2196/20186
Paul, R., & Elder, L. (2020). The Miniature Guide to Critical Thinking Concepts & Tools. http://pcwrgeography.pbworks.com/w/file/fetch/84314113/Concepts_Tools.pdf
Pillai, A., & Anonuevo, J. (2023). The relationship between school environment and student engagement in private schools. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/381568513_The_Relationship_between_School_Environment_and_Student_Engagement_in_Private_School
Pilotti, M., Anderson, S., Hardy, P., Murphy, P., & Vincent, P. (2017). Factors related to cognitive, emotional, and behavioral engagement in the online asynchronous classroom. International Journal on Teaching and Learning in Higher Education, 29(1), 145–153. http://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1 135992.pdf
Prakoso, B. H., Ramdani, Z., Tae, L. F., & M, L. N. R. (2021). Creativity, critical thinking, and academic performance in students university during virtual learning. Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research/Advances in Social Science, Education and Humanities Research. https://doi.org/10.299 1/assehr.k.210423.081
Raj, T., Chauhan, P., Mehrotra, R., & Sharma, M. (2022). The importance of critical thinking in education. World Journal of English Language, 12(3), 126. https://doi.org/10.5430/wjel.v12n3p126
Ranbir, N. D. (2024). Promoting Critical Thinking Skills in the Classroom. Universal Research Reports, 11(2), 154–158. https://doi.org/10.36676/urr.v11.i2.1276
Ranbir. (2024). Educational technology integration: challenges and opportunities. Innovative Research Thoughts, 10(2), 75–79. https://doi.org/10.36676/irt.v10.i2.1406
Reeve, J., Cheon, S. H., & Jang, H. (2020). How and why students make academic progress: Reconceptualizing the student engagement construct to increase its explanatory power. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 62. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101899
Reschly, A. L., Pohl, A. J., & Christenson, S. L. (2020). Student engagement. In Springer eBooks. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37285-9
Robeltine, N., & Ivan, C. C. (2023, November 27). Teachers’ Know-How on Teaching Methods and Designs Used for Minor Potential Transformation. International Journal of Recent Innovations in Academic Research. Retrieved December 6, 2024, from https://www.ijriar.com/docs/20 23/2023-dec/IJRIAR-04.pdf
Rubenstein, L D., Ridgley, L M., Callan, G L., Karami, S., & Ehlinger, J. (2021, February 1). How teachers perceive factors that influence creativity development: Applying a Social Cognitive Theory perspective. Teaching and teacher education, 70, 100-110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.t at e.2017.11.012
Salavacion, R. (2021). Teachers’ Innovative Strategies and Engagement: Their Influence to Learners’ Performance. International Journal of Science and Management Studies (IJSMS). https://doi.org/10.51386/25815946
Schnitzler, K., Holzberger, D., & Seidel, T. (2020). All better than being disengaged: Student engagement patterns and their relations to academic self-concept and achievement. European Journal of Psychology of Education, 36(3), 627–652. https://doi.org/10.1 007/s10212-020-00500-6
Scott-Barrett, J., Johnston, S., Denton-Calabrese, T., McGrane, J. A., & Hopfenbeck, T. N. (2023). Nurturing curiosity and creativity in primary school classrooms. Teaching and Teacher Education, 135. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104356
Shanmugavelu, G., Ariffin, K., Vadivelu, M., Mahayudin, Z., & Sundaram, M. a. R. K. (2020). Questioning techniques and teachers’ role in the classroom. Shanlax International Journal of Education, 8(4), 45–49. https://doi.org/10.34293/education.v8i4.3260
Shukla, P., Kumar, D., & Shukla, A. (2024). Project-Based Learning (PBL). https://www.researchgate.net/publication/378334128_Project-Based_Learning_PBL
Siburian, J., Corebima, A. D., Ibrohim, & Saptasari, M. (2019). The correlation between critical and creative thinking skills on cognitive learning results. Eurasian Journal of Educational Research, 19(81), 99–114. https://izlik.org/JA29JC99RY (DergiPark)
Silva, J., Edmond, J., & Jauregui, C. (2025). Critical Thinking in the Classroom: Faculty Perspectives and Practices. Journal of Education and Learning, 14(3), 1. https://doi.org/10.5539/jel.v14n3p1
Singh, M. (2022). The Importance of Critical Thinking in Education. Rahul Education. Retrieved April 16, 2024, from https://rahuleducation.org/our-scribes/the-importance-of-critical-thinking-in-education/
Southworth, J. (2022). Bridging critical thinking and transformative learning: The role of perspective-taking. Theory and Research in Education, 20(1), 44–63. https://doi.org/10.1177/14778785221090853
Stanovich, K. E. (2016). The Comprehensive Assessment of Rational Thinking. Educational Psychologist, 51(1), 23–34. https://doi.org/10.1080/00461520.20 15.1125787
Starostina, N., & Sosnina, E. (2020). The role of critical thinking in professional development of linguists. In Lecture notes in networks and systems (pp. 770–777). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-47415-7_82
Suphasri, P. (2021). Reflective practice in teacher Education: issues, challenges, and considerations. PASAA, 62(1), 236–264. https://doi.org/10.58837/chula.pasaa.62.1 .9
Susetyarini, E., Nurohman, E., & Husamah, H. (2022). Analysis of Students’ Collaborative, Communication, Critical Thinking, and Creative Abilities through Problem-Based Learning. Jurnal Penelitian Dan Pengkajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 6(1), 33–42. https://doi.org/10.36312/esaintika.v6 i1.584
Sutton, E. (2021, March 3). Student engagement: why it’s important and how to promote it. Branching Minds. Retrieved April 16, 2024, from https://www.branchingminds.com/blog/student-engagement-remote-in-person
Tancinco, N. P. (2021). Status of Teachers’ Workload and Performance in State Universities of Eastern Visayas: Implications to Educational Management. IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSR-JBM), 18(6), https://www.iosrjournals.org/iosr-jbm/papers/Vol18-issue6/Version-4/H1806044657.pdf
Thomas, L. (2023, June 22). Stratified sampling | Definition, guide & examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/methodology/stratified-sampling/
Turney, S. (2024, February 10). Pearson correlation coefficient (r) | Guide & examples. Scribbr. https://www.scribbr.com/statistics/pearson-correlation-coefficient/
Ucus, S., & Acar, I. H. (2020). Teachers’ Innovativeness and Teaching Approach: The Mediating Role of Creative Classroom Behaviours. Social Behavior and Personality, 46(10), 1697–1711. https://doi.org/10.2224 /sbp.7100
Van Laar, E., Van Deursen, A. J., Van Dijk, J. A., & De Haan, J. (n.d.). The relation between 21st-century skills and digital skills: A systematic literature review. Computers in Human Behavior, 72, 577–588. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.20 17.03.010
Van Tonder, G. P., Kloppers, M. M., & Grosser, M. M. (2022). Enabling Self-Directed Academic and Personal Wellbeing Through Cognitive Education. Frontiers in Psychology, 12. https://doi.org/10.33 89/fpsy g.2021.789194
Vantieghem, W., Roose, I., Gheyssens, E., Griful-Freixenet, J., Keppens, K., Vanderlinde, R., Struyven, K., & Van Avermaet, P. (2020). Professional vision of inclusive classrooms: A validation of teachers’ reasoning on differentiated instruction and teacher-student interactions. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 67. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2020.100912
Ventista, O., & Brown, C. (2023). Teachers’ professional learning and its impact on students’ learning outcomes: Findings from a systematic review. Social Sciences & Humanities Open, 8(1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ss aho.2023.100565
Weizheng, Z. (2019). Teacher-Student Interaction in EFL Classroom in China: Communication Accommodation Theory Perspective. English Language Teaching, 12(12), 99. https://doi.org/10.5539/elt.v12n12p99
Woodward, D., Booth, S., Allen, E., Forbes, A., Donnelly, C., & Taylor, J. (2021). Constructivism and reflective practice: An evidence-based approach to tertiary teaching. Scope Contemporary Research Topics (Learning and Teaching), 10, 145–153. https://doi.org/10.34074/scop.4010014
Xhomara, V., & Uka, A. (2023). Creativity in Education: Fostering creativity in the classroom using creative teaching methods. Zenodo (CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo .8068813
Xhomara, V., & Uka, A. (2023). Creativity in education: Fostering creativity in the classroom using creative teaching methods. Beder Journal of Educational Sciences, 26(2). https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8068813
Xiao, M., Tian, Z., & Xu, W. (2023). Impact of teacher-student interaction on students’ classroom well-being under online education environment. Education and Information Technologies, 28(11), 14669–14691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10 639-023-11681-0
Xu, D., & Jaggars, S. S. (2014). Performance Gaps between Online and Face-to-Face Courses: Differences across Types of Students and Academic Subject Areas. The Journal of Higher Education, 85(5), 633–659. https://doi.org/10.1 080/00221546.2014.11777343
Yükseltürk, E., & Bulut, S. (2007). Predictors for Student Success in an Online Course. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 10(2), 71–83.
Yundayani, A., Abdullah, F., Tandiana, S. T., & Sutrisno, B. (2021). Students’ cognitive engagement during emergency remote teaching: Evidence from the Indonesian EFL milieu. Journal of Language and Linguistic Studies, 17(1), 17–33. https://doi.org/10.52462/jlls.2
Zajda, J. (2023). The impact of motivation on students’ engagement and performance. In Globalisation, comparative education and policy research (pp. 127–138). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-42895-1_9
Zhan, Z., Wu, Q., Lin, Z., & Cai, J. (2021). Smart classroom environments affect teacher-student interaction: Evidence from a behavioural sequence analysis. Australasian Journal of Educational Technology, 37(2), 96–109. https://doi.org/10.14742/ajet.6523
Zhang, Y., Tian, Y., Yao, L., Duan, C., Sun, X., & Niu, G. (2023). Teaching presence promotes learner affective engagement: The roles of cognitive load and need for cognition. Teaching and Teacher Education, 129. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2023.104167
Zulkifli, H., Tamuri, A. H., & Azman, N. A. (2022). Understanding creative teaching in twenty-first-century learning among Islamic education teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Frontiers in Psychology, 13. https://doi.org/10.3389 /fpsyg.2022.920859
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v13i4.6630
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2026 Hazel Dane R. yuiyuiyu, Maria Rina T. Quilestino
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2015-2026. European Journal of Education Studies (ISSN 2501 - 1111) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
