TEACHER-EVALUATORS’ NARRATIVE ACCOUNTS IN ASSESSING SELF-LEARNING MODULES (SLM)

Angelie C. Loria, Francisco M. Espinosa

Abstract


This study aims to describe the narrative accounts of teacher-evaluators in assessing the quality of SLMs. This study uses a narrative research approach to examine five teacher-evaluators from the Koronadal City Division. As part of Bruner's theoretical framework, individuals produce new ideas or concepts based on prior information. Their expertise is needed to choose and process data. This study applies this approach because the cognitive structure organizes perceptions and helps individuals go beyond knowledge because evaluating self-learning material quality teaches teachers new concepts (SLMs). The finding reveals that participants feel honored and pressured, some are ready to carry out any assignment, and some are happy and excited. Participants indicated the advantage indicated learning new things and meaningful experiences, while the disadvantage indicated adding workloads. This research may support and motivate teacher-evaluators to tailor instruction to meet individual needs. Whether they differentiate content, process, products, or the learning environment, ongoing assessment and flexible grouping make this a successful approach to assessing students' SLMs quality. This study would provide a framework to build certain tasks, activities, or modules to motivate teachers and help them focus attention, organize information for understanding and remembering, monitor and assess learning, encourage self-monitoring, and self-correct tools for reflecting on and assessing their own learning in evaluating the quality assurance of SLM's.

 

Article visualizations:

Hit counter


Keywords


educational management, assessing self-learning modules (SLM), teacher evaluators, narrative accounts, phenomenology, Philippines

Full Text:

PDF

References


Agaton, C. B., & Cueto, L. J. (2021). Learning at Home: Parents' Lived Experiences on Distance Learning during COVID-19 Pandemic in the Philippines. International Journal of Evaluation and Research in Education, 10(3), 901-911.

Agbi, A., Agbi, A., Sengsri, S., & Education, N. U. F. of. (2021). Development of an Instructional Model based on Mobile-Blended and Inquiry-based Learning to Enhance Critical Thinking Abilities for Business Education Undergraduate Students in Nigeria. Nuir.lib.nu.ac.th. http://nuir.lib.nu.ac.th/dspace/handle/123456789/4062

Akinyode, B. F., & Khan, T. H. (2018). Step by step approach for qualitative data analysis. International Journal of built environment and sustainability, 5(3).

Akkerman, S. F., & Bakker, A. (2011). Boundary crossing and boundary objects. Review of educational research, 81(2), 132-169. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233862027_Akkerman_S_F_Bakker_A_2011_Boundary_crossing_and_boundary_objects_Review_of_Educational_Research_81_132-169

Alam, M. B. (2021). Self-Learning Modules (SLMS) in TLE: An Analysis of The Views and Perceptions of TLE Teachers. EPRA International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research (IJMR), 104. https://eprajournals.com/jpanel/upload/1038pm_IJMR%20OCTOBER%202021%20FULL%20JOURNAL.pdf#page=110

Al-Jarf, R. (2021). ESL Teachers' Professional Development on Facebook during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Online Submission, 2(6), 75-81.

Anduyan, D. D. B. (2021). Effectiveness of Blended Learning Modules as Correlates of Self-Efficacy of ALS Students: Basis for an Action Plan. “Online - Conferences” Platform, 230–262. http://papers.online-conferences.com/index.php/titfl/article/view/566

Asgar, A., & Satyanarayana, R. (2021). An evaluation of faculty development programme on the design and development of self-learning materials for open distance learning. Asian Association of Open Universities Journal, 5(4)

Aspiras, L., & Aspiras, E. (2021). Pedagogical Threats and Opportunities of COVID19 Pandemic: Exploring the Experiences of the Teaching Workforce in the New Normal. In Technium Conference (Vol. 8, pp. 27-03).

Barrett, P., Treves, A., Shmis, T., & Ambasz, D. (2019). The impact of school infrastructure on learning: A synthesis of the evidence.

Barron, B., Martin, C. K., Lin, V., Lam, C. K., Pozos, R. K., Ngyuen, J., ... & Levy, Z. (2021). New views, new roles: How parents supported learning during the transition to remote learning. In Proceedings of the 15th International Conference of the Learning Sciences-ICLS 2021. International Society of the Learning Sciences. https://repository.isls.org/handle/1/7486

Barron, M., Cobo, C., Munoz-Najar, A., & CIarrusta, I. S. (2021). The changing role of teachers and technologies amidst the COVID 19 pandemic: key findings from a cross-country study. Blogs.worldbank.org. https://blogs.worldbank.org/education/changing-role-teachers-and-technologies-amidst-covid-19-pandemic-key-findings-cross

Beeghly, M., & Cicchetti, D. (1987). Organizational perspectives on developmental psychopathology. Development and Psychopathology, 8(3), 177–197

Beltman, S., Mansfield, C., & Price, A. (2011). Thriving not just surviving: A review of research on teacher resilience. Educational research review, 6(3), 185-207.

Bonganciso, R. T. (2016). Effects of contextualization on the reading comprehension performance of Filipino learners. Asia Pacific Higher Education Research Journal (APHERJ), 3(1).

Breiner, J. M., Harkness, S. S., Johnson, C. C., & Koehler, C. M. (2012). What is STEM? A discussion about conceptions of STEM in education and partnerships. School science and mathematics, 112(1), 3-11.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1979). The ecology of human development: experiments by nature and design. Harvard University Press.

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1989). Ecological systems theory. In R. Vasta (Ed.), Annals of child development (Vol. 6, pp. 187–249). JAI Press.

Bruner, J. S. (1960). The process of education. Harvard University Press.

Burge, A. (2019). How to Design Effective Teaching Modules | UACES. www.uaces.org. https://www.uaces.org/resources/articles/how-design-effective-teaching-modules

Butina, M. (2015). Qualitative research: Sampling and sample size considerations. Journal of the Association of Nurses in AIDS Care, 26(1), 9-17.

Cahapay, M. B. (2021). The Role of Parents in the New Normal in Education. International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research and Publications, 3(2), 30-37.

Callo, E. C., & Yazon, A. D. (2020). Exploring the factors influencing the readiness of faculty and students on online teaching and learning as an alternative delivery mode for the new normal. Universal Journal of Educational Research, 8(8), 3509-3518.

Carlo, J., & Lorbis, C. (2019). Utilization of Contextualized Teaching and Learning (Ctl) Approach in Grade Two Araling Panlipunan. https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/ED603874.pdf

Castroverde, F., & Acala, M. (2021). Modular distance learning modality: Challenges of teachers in teaching amid the Covid-19 pandemic. International Journal of Research Studies in Education, 10(8), 7-15.

Chiva-Bartoll, Ò., Capella-Peris, C., & Salvador-García, C. (2020). Service-learning in physical education teacher education: Towards a critical and inclusive perspective. Journal of Education for Teaching, 46(3), 395-407.

Clapsadle, C. L. (2014). Poetic Research in the Second Language Classroom. https://repository.stcloudstate.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1001&context=engl_etds

Çoban, Ö., Özdemir, N., & Bellibaş, M. Ş. (2020). Trust in principals, leaders’ focus on instruction, teacher collaboration, and teacher self-efficacy: testing a multilevel mediation model. Educational Management Administration & Leadership, 1741143220968170.

Connelly, L. M. (2016). Trustworthiness in qualitative research. Medsurg Nursing, 25(6), 435. Retrieved from; https://www.proquest.com/openview/44ffecf38cc6b67451f32f6f96a40c78/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=30764

Crain, W. C. (1992). Theories of development: concepts and applications (3rd ed.). Prentice-Hall.

Darling-Hammond, L. (2010). Teacher education and the American future. Journal of Teacher Education, 61(1–2), 35–47. https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0022487109348024

Daugherty, M. K., & Foster, E. R. (2016). Self-learning modules: A tool for teaching and learning. Nurse educator, 41(5), 229-231. doi: 10.1097/NNE.0000000000000294

Dayagbil, F. T., Palompon, D. R., Garcia, L. L., & Olvido, M. M. J. (2021, July). Teaching and learning continuity amid and beyond the pandemic. In Frontiers in Education (Vol. 6, p. 678692). Frontiers Media SA.

De Villa, J. A., & Manalo, F. K. B. (2020). Secondary Teachers' preparation, challenges, and coping mechanism in the pre-implementation of distance learning in the new normal. IOER International Multidisciplinary Research Journal, 2(3), 144-154.

Dejene, W. (2019). The practice of modularized curriculum in higher education institution: Active learning and continuous assessment in focus. Cogent Education, 6(1),

Department of Education (DepEd). (2020). The department of education (DepEd) issues the enclosed guidelines on the engagement of services of learning support aides to reinforce the implementation of the basic education learning continuity plan in time of COVID-19 pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2020/10/DO_s2020_032-.pdf

Doghonadze, N., Aliyev, A., Halawachy, H., Knodel, L., & Adedoyin, A. S. (2020). The Degree of Readiness to Total Distance Learning in the Face of COVID-19-Teachers’ View (Case of Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iraq, Nigeria, UK and Ukraine). Journal of Education in Black Sea Region, 5(2), 2-41. https://jebs.ibsu.edu.ge/jms/index.php/jebs/article/view/197

Fauzi, I., & Khusuma, I. H. S. (2020). Teachers’ elementary school in online learning of COVID-19 pandemic conditions. Jurnal Iqra': Kajian Ilmu Pendidikan, 5(1), 58-70.

Fink, A. S. (2000). The role of the researcher in the qualitative research process. A potential barrier to archiving qualitative data. In Forum Qualitative Sozialforschung/Forum: Qualitative Social Research (Vol. 1, No. 3).

Focus Indicators for Teaching. (2023). In S. Smith & J. Doe (Eds.), Teaching and Learning in the 21st Century: Strategies for Supporting Academic Success (pp. 123-138). New York, NY: Routledge.

Fontanos, N., Gonzales, J. F., Lucasan, K., & Ocampo, D. S. (2020). Revisiting Flexible Learning Options (FLOs) in Basic Education in the Philippines: Implications for Senior High School (SHS). UP CIDS Education Research Program.

Gonzales, C. (2020). DepEd finds 41 errors in self-learning modules. INQUIRER.net. https://newsinfo.inquirer.net/1351671/deped-finds-41-errors-in-self-learning-modules

Guiamalon, T. S., Alon, S. A. S., & Camsa, S. U. (2021). Teachers’ issues and concerns on the use of modular learning modality. International E-Journal of Advances in Social Sciences, 7 (20), 457-469.

Guiamblang, J., Minandang, F., Dalgan, N., Daglok, S. R., Daglok, C., & Mamidted, A. (2022). Junior High School Teachers Challenges and Readiness on Modular Teaching Approach. Psychology and Education: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 3(8), 745-751.

Gupta, R., Pal, K., & Jena, L. K. (2022). The role of workplace communication in enhancing employee engagement and satisfaction. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 43(1), 28-44. doi: 10.1002/job.2541

Hammond, J., Dörnyei, Z., & Ibrahim, Z. (2019). Teachers' motivational strategies in English language teaching. RELC Journal, 50(1), 5-21. doi:10.1177/0033688219832389

Han, I. (2021). Development of professional identity and related metacognitive thinking procedures of English language teachers through spontaneous collaboration for pedagogical problem-solving. SAGE Open, 11(2), 21582440211009483.

Han, J., & Yin, H. (2016). Teacher motivation: Definition, research development and implications for teachers. Cogent Education, 3(1). https://doi.org/10.1080/2331186x.2016.1217819

Henryson, L. (2020). 5 Ways to Make Distance Learning Effective for Students. Blog.socialstudies.com. https://blog.socialstudies.com/5-ways-to-make-distance-learning-effective-for-students

Holland, D. C., & Valsiner, J. (1988). Historical and conceptual development of a cultural psychology. In J. W. Stigler, R. A. Shweder, & G. Herdt (Eds.), Cultural psychology: essays on comparative human development (pp. 3–47). Cambridge University Press.

Interim guidelines on giving of awards and recognition in light of the basic education learning continuity plan for school year 2020-2021, 1-12 (2015). https://www.deped.gov.ph/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/DO_s2021_018.pdf

Kaira, A. (2020). Teacher collaboration in challenging learning environments. OECD Education and Skills Today. https://oecdedutoday.com/teacher-collaboration-challenging-learning-environments/#:~:text=Teachers%20collaborate%20in%20a%20multitude

Kaufman, T. (2020). 4 Best Practices for Distance Learning to Support Students Who Learn and Think Differently. Common Sense Education. https://www.commonsense.org/education/articles/4-best-practices-for-distance-learning-to-support-students-who-learn-and-think-differently

Keaton, M. L. (2017). Teacher perceptions of the efficacy of parent and community outreach strategies. Doctorate Dissertation. Carson-Newman University.

Kenney, J. B. (2011). Dedicated short-range communications (DSRC) standards in the United States. Proceedings of the IEEE, 99(7), 1162-1182.

Kintu, M. J., Zhu, C., & Kagambe, E. (2017). Blended learning effectiveness: the relationship between student characteristics, design features and outcomes. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 14(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-017-0043-4

Lam, C. (2016). 11 Rewards of Being a Teacher. Edutopia; George Lucas Educational Foundation. https://www.edutopia.org/discussion/11-rewards-being-teacher

Lang, O. (2021). COVID-19: How our educators and the education system are adapting – The ResiliencebyDesign Lab. The Resilience by Design Lab. https://resiliencebydesign.com/covid-19-how-our-educators-and-the-education-system-are-adapting/

Lardizabal, E. (2017). What matters in judging distance teaching? Not how much it's like a classroom course, The Chronicle of Higher Education. Retrieved July 20, 2015, from http://chronicle.com/article/What-Matters-in-Judging/108500/.

Lase, D., Zega, T. G. C., Daeli, D. O., & Zaluchu, S. E. (2022). Parents' perceptions of distance learning during COVID-19 in rural Indonesia. Journal of Education and Learning (EduLearn), 16(1), 103-113.

Lauermann, F. (2014). Personal responsibility in work: A review and research agenda. Journal of Organizational Behavior, 35(S1), S101-S118. doi: 10.1002/job.1917

Llego, M. A. (2019). DepEd Guidelines on Checking of School Forms. TeacherPH. https://www.teacherph.com/guidelines-checking-school-forms/

Maile, C. A., & Cooper, M. S. (2018). The CIMC guide to developing modules for self-paced learning: A handbook for teachers. Oklahoma: Oklahoma Department of Career and Technology Education, Curriculum and Instructional Materials Center (CIMC).

Malipot, M. (2020). DepEd admits to 30 errors in printed self-learning modules. Manila Bulletin. https://mb.com.ph/2020/08/13/deped-admits-to-30-errors-in-printed-self-learning-modules/

Masuhay, E. P. (2020). Adversaries on Covid-19 Set Forth an Argument Onward To Educational Endeavor: Resulting To Develop a Modular Concept in the Learning Process. American International Journal of Social Science Research, 5(2), 26-37 https://www.cribfb.com/journal/index.php/aijssr/article/view/520

McAdams, D. P. (2018). The psychological self as actor, agent, and author. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 13(3), 320-325.

McLean, K. C., Pasupathi, M., & Pals, J. L. (2020). Handbook of personality and self-regulation. Springer.

Mora-Ruano, J. G., Heine, J. H., & Gebhardt, M. (2019). Does teacher collaboration improve student achievement? Analysis of the German PISA 2012 sample. In Frontiers in Education (p. 85). Frontiers.

Morrila, D. (2017). The Use of Modular Approach in Teaching. Journal of Education and Practice, 8(6), 156-162.

Morrison, C. M. (2013). Teacher Identity in the Early Career Phase: Trajectories that Explain and Influence Development. Australian Journal of Teacher Education, 38(4). https://doi.org/10.14221/ajte.2013v38n4.5

Murillo, A. P., & Jones, K. M. (2020). A “just-in-time” pragmatic approach to creating Quality Matters-informed online courses. Information and Learning Sciences. https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108/ILS-04-2020-0087/full/html

Nardo, M. T. B. (2017). Modular instruction enhances learner autonomy. American Journal of Educational Research, 5(10), 1024-1034.

Natividad, E. (2021). Perceived Effectiveness of Self Learning Modules in the Implementation of Modular Distance Learning in the Elementary Level. Available at SSRN 3889429.

Navarosa, D. B. (2020). Education in the New Normal: A Closer Look at Philippines’ Learning Solutions Amidst the Pandemic. Medium. https://medium.com/underscore-online/education-in-the-new-normal-a-closer-look-at-philippines-learning-solutions-amidst-the-pandemic-ba0adc339d8f

Newnam, S. (2019). The Importance of Communication in the Workplace. Forbes. Retrieved from https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbeshumanresourcescouncil/2019/06/28/the-importance-of-communication-in-the-workplace/?sh=11f9f67132e3

Nugroho, K. Y., & Sakhiyya, Z. (2022). Photovoice: Young children online English language learning, parents’ voices and its implication to educational policy and provision. Indonesian Journal of Applied Linguistics, 11(3).

Parr, A., Gladstone, J., Rosenzweig, E., & Wang, M.-T. (2021). Why do I teach? A mixed-methods study of in-service teachers’ motivations, autonomy-supportive instruction, and emotions. Teaching and Teacher Education, 98, 103228. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2020.103228

Patton, K., Parker, K. M., & Phipps, S. (2015). Teacher collaboration and professional development in the workplace. Journal of Instructional Research, 4, 54-61.

Patzer, R. (2020). Sharing good practice: Strategies to encourage teacher collaboration. Blog.irisconnect.com. https://blog.irisconnect.com/uk/sharing-and-collaboration-in-schools

Phuthi, N., & Mpofu, I. (2021). Critical reflection in science teaching and learning: Crossing borders into Western Science. American Journal of Educational Research, 9(5), 313-319.

Piasta, S. B., & Wagner, R. K. (2012). Developing early literacy skills: things we know we know and things we know we don’t know. Educational Researcher, 41(9), 370–377.

Rap, S., Feldman-Maggor, Y., Aviran, E., Shvarts-Serebro, I., Easa, E., Yonai, E., ... & Blonder, R. (2020). An applied research-based approach to support chemistry teachers during the COVID-19 pandemic. Journal of chemical education, 97(9), 3278-3284.

Rutberg, S., & Bouikidis, C. D. (2018). Focusing on the Fundamentals: A Simplistic Differentiation Between Qualitative and Quantitative Research. Nephrology Nursing Journal, 45(2), 209-213.

Sadaf, A., Martin, F., & Ahlgrim-Delzell, L. (2019). Student perceptions of the impact of quality matters--certified online courses on their learning and engagement. Online Learning, 23(4), 214-233. https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ123779

Sagar, S. (2020). Why should Teachers update their Pedagogical Skills. Higher Education Digest. https://www.highereducationdigest.com/why-should-teachers-update-their-pedagogical-skills/

Sahito, Z., Khawaja, M., Panhwar, U. M., Siddiqui, A., & Saeed, H. (2016). Teachers’ Time Management and the Performance of Students: A Comparison of Government and Private Schools of Hyderabad, Sindh, Pakistan. World Journal of Education, 6(6). https://doi.org/10.5430/wje.v6n6p42

Samsal, Y.-A. D. J. (2021). Managing Ecology of the Mindanao State University-Sulu College of Education: Under New Normal Condition. International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management, 4(7), 131–135. https://www.journals.resaim.com/ijresm/article/view/996

Sandelowski, M. (1991). Telling stories: Narrative approaches in qualitative research. Image: The Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 23(3), 161-166.

Sayler, M. F. (2021). Special schools for the gifted and talented. In The handbook of secondary gifted education (pp. 443-463). Routledge.

Schuemann, K. (2014). A phenomenological study into how students experience and understand the university presidency. Doctoral Dissertation, Western Michigan University, Michigan, United States of America https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/dissertations/261/

Semradova, I., & Hubackova, S. (2016). The relationship between accountability and performance: A meta-analysis. Journal of Business Research, 69(10), 4159-4165. doi: 10.1016/j.jbusres.2016.03.041

Soliman, A. A., & Marasigan, A. C. (2021). Evaluation of environmental education MELCs-based self-learning modules in asynchronous learning modality during the pandemic. Retrieved from https://www.ioer-imrj.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Evaluation-of-Environmental-Education-MELCs-%E2%80%93-Based-Self-%E2%80%93-Learning-Modules-in-Asynchronous-Learning-Modality-during-the-Pandemic.pdf

Steinert, Y., O’Sullivan, P. S., & Irby, D. M. (2019). Strengthening Teachers’ professional identities through faculty development. Academic Medicine, 94(7), 963–968. https://doi.org/10.1097/acm.0000000000002695

Taneja, S. (2017). What are curriculum modules? Houston Chronicle. https://work.chron.com/curriculum-modules-23531.html

Tingley, K. (2022). The teacher's balancing act: new duties vs. primary responsibility. Educational Leadership, 79(4), 28-33.

UNESCO. (2020). COVID-19 and education: One year into the pandemic. UNESCO. https://en.unesco.org/news/covid-19-and-education-one-year-pandemic

UNICEF. (2017). Tiunimshelstudentimlehorahathamatematiksamvemmadayimlegabeishiluvtikshuvcetahalihaihoraaulemida [Mathematics and science students' arguments about CMC integration in teaching and learning process]. Dapim, 32, 88-105. http://iafor.org/archives/journals/iafor-journal-of-education/10.22492.ije.3.2.pdf

Urokova, S. B. (2020). Advantages and disadvantages of online education. ISJ Theoretical & Applied Science, 9(89), 34-37.

Vaismoradi, M., Jones, J., Turunen, H., & Snelgrove, S. (2016). Theme development in qualitative content analysis and thematic analysis. Retrieved from https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/225904998.pdf

Valentin, M. R. (2021). Self-Pacing Research (SPaRe) Kit: A Modular tool in increasing the students’ level of academic motivation and research skills in practical research 2. St. Theresa journal of humanities and social sciences, 7(2),98-116. https://quiz.stic.ac.th/index.php/sjhs/article/view/361

Vergara, A. (2017). (PDF) Development of Module. ResearchGate. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/329771095_Development_Of_Module

Vitales, V. A., Aquino, K. J. M., De Leon, E. F., Lacap, P. P., Maranan, S. S., & Duldulao, J. J. (2021). Preparedness and challenges of the new normal: perspectives of Filipino students in virtual learning. Technium Soc. Sci. J., 23, 199.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1962). Thought and language. MIT Press.

Vygotsky, L. S. (1978). Mind in society: The development of higher psychological processes. Harvard University Press.

Werner, H. (1940). Comparative psychology of mental development. International Universities Press.

Werner, H., & Kaplan, B. (1956). Symbol formation: an organismic-developmental approach to language and the expression of thought. Wiley.

Yigit-Gencten, V., & Gultekin, M. (2021). Nature-based reading and writing instructions in early childhood education: The Giving Tree example. Environmental Education Research, 28(1), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1080/13504622.2021.2015294

Yüksel, P., & Yıldırım, S. (2015). Theoretical frameworks, methods, and procedures for conducting phenomenological studies in educational settings. Turkish online journal of qualitative inquiry, 6(1), 1-20.




DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejes.v10i9.4959

Refbacks

  • There are currently no refbacks.


Copyright (c) 2023 Angelie C. Loria, Francisco M. Espinosa

Creative Commons License
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Copyright © 2015-2023. European Journal of Education Studies (ISSN 2501 - 1111) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.


This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).