NATURE-BASED SOLUTIONS AIMED AT SAVING NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES; THUS, LIMITING THE NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES THEIR EXPLOITATION CAN ENTAIL: ONLINE INFORMATIVE AND EDUCATIONAL DOCUMENTS
Abstract
The article presents free online documents on the negative externalities observed as a consequence of non-renewable natural resources exploitation. Some of the documents presented deal with studies aimed at mitigating such negative externalities. Water is a declining basic resource; its mismanagement results in, e.g. aquifer depletion, soil salinisation, and reservoir siltation. Some documents presented, inter alia, deal with water saving in agriculture, aquifer recharge, and the importance of forests in generating rainfall. The exploitation of fossil fuels is associated with negative externalities, including climate change and armed conflicts. Some documents suggest the utilisation of biomasses for bioenergy, and describe the strategy used in Sweden where a part of the forest residues is used for this purpose. Some residues are left in the forest where they assist regeneration and biodiversity; over time they naturally decay and release CO2 into the atmosphere. The CO2 emitted by forest residues harvested and then utilised for bioenergy is offset by the avoided emissions from fossil fuels they replace. In Sweden, the use of fossil heating fuel has dropped by more than 90%, and in case of wildfires the previous removal of forest residues results in less dangerous fires. In Nauru, mining phosphate fertilisers resulted in an environmental devastation of the forest and of the reef surrounding the island, and left the land uncultivable. With less people employed in farming and fishing, their physical activity declined dramatically, while people switched from natural to processed food. Unsurprisingly, this resulted in very high levels of obesity and diabetes, and many other related health adverse effects. Several documents deal with best practices in the management of phosphorus fertilisers, considered a non-renewable resource, and nitrogen fertilisers whose production is so energy intensive. A good management of these resources may also reduce marine eutrophication and hypoxia.
В статье представлены бесплатные онлайн-документы о негативных внешних эффектах, наблюдаемых в результате эксплуатации невозобновляемых природных ресурсов. Некоторые из представленных документов посвящены исследованиям, направленным на смягчение таких негативных внешних эффектов. Вода является сокращающимся основным ресурсом; неправильное управление ею приводит, например, к истощению водоносных горизонтов, засолению почв и заиливанию водохранилищ. Некоторые представленные документы, в частности, касаются экономии воды в сельском хозяйстве, пополнения водоносных горизонтов и важности лесов для получения осадков. Эксплуатация ископаемых видов топлива связана с негативными внешними эффектами, включая изменение климата и вооруженные конфликты. В некоторых документах предлагается использовать биомассу для получения биоэнергии и описывается стратегия, применяемая в Швеции, где часть лесных остатков используется для этих целей. Часть остатков оставляют в лесу, где они способствуют восстановлению и биологическому разнообразию; со временем они естественным образом разлагаются и выделяют CO2 в атмосферу. Выбросы CO2, образующиеся при заготовке и последующем использовании лесных остатков для получения биоэнергии, компенсируются выбросами ископаемого топлива, которое они заменяют. В Швеции использование ископаемого топлива для отопления сократилось более чем на 90 %, а в случае лесных пожаров предшествующая уборка лесных остатков приводит к снижению опасности возгорания. На Науру добыча фосфорных удобрений привела к экологическому опустошению рифа, окружающего остров, леса и оставила землю неплодородную. Поскольку в сельском хозяйстве и рыболовстве было занято меньше людей, их физическая активность резко снизилась, а люди перешли с натуральной пищи на обработанную. Неудивительно, что это привело к очень высокому уровню ожирения и диабета, а также ко многим другим негативным последствиям для здоровья. В нескольких документах рассматриваются передовые методы управления фосфорными удобрениями, которые считаются невозобновляемым ресурсом, и азотными удобрениями, производство которых требует больших затрат энергии. Правильное управление этими ресурсами может также уменьшить морскую эвтрофикацию и гипоксию.
L'articolo presenta documenti online gratuiti sulle esternalità negative conseguenti allo sfruttamento di risorse naturali non rinnovabili. Alcuni dei documenti presentati riguardano studi volti a mitigare tali esternalità negative. L'acqua è una risorsa di base sempre più scarsa; la sua cattiva gestione comporta, ad esempio, esaurimento delle falde acquifere, salinizzazione del suolo ed insabbiamento dei bacini idrici. Alcuni documenti presentati riguardano, tra l'altro, risparmio idrico in agricoltura, ricarica delle falde acquifere ed importanza delle foreste nel generare precipitazioni acquose. Lo sfruttamento dei combustibili fossili è associato ad esternalità negative, tra cui il cambiamento climatico e conflitti armati. Alcuni documenti suggeriscono produrre bioenergia dalle biomasse e descrivono la strategia utilizzata in Svezia, dove una parte dei residui forestali viene utilizzata a questo scopo. Qui, alcuni residui vengono lasciati nella foresta dove contribuiscono alla sua rigenerazione ed alla biodiversità; col tempo si decompongono naturalmente e rilasciano CO2 nell'atmosfera. La CO2 emessa dai residui forestali raccolti e poi utilizzati per produrre bioenergia è compensata evitando emissioni dei combustibili fossili. In Svezia, l'uso di combustibili fossili per il riscaldamento è diminuito di oltre il 90%. Inoltre, eventuali incendi forestali qui sono meno gravi grazie alla rimozione preventiva di una parte dei residui. A Nauru, l'estrazione di fertilizzanti fosfatici ha provocato la devastazione della foresta, della barriera corallina che circonda l'isola ed ha lasciato la terra incoltivabile. Con meno persone impiegate in agricoltura e pesca, l'attività fisica della popolazione è molto diminuita; al contempo, si è passati dagli alimenti naturali a quelli trasformati. Non sorprende che questo abbia portato livelli elevatissimi di obesità e diabete, nonchè molti altri effetti negativi sulla salute. Diversi documenti trattano le migliori pratiche nella gestione dei fertilizzanti a base di fosforo, considerato una risorsa non rinnovabile, nonchè di azoto la cui produzione è molto energivora. Una buona gestione di queste risorse può anche ridurre eutrofizzazione marina ed ipossia.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejsss.v11i2.1976
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