HANTISES MÉMORIELLES TRANSATLANTIQUES : FIGURES SPECTRALES ET RÉSILIENCE DANS LES ŒUVRES MORRISIENNES ET GAUDÉENNES / TRANSATLANTIC MEMORIAL HAUNTINGS: SPECTRAL FIGURES AND RESILIENCE IN MORRISIAN AND GAUDÉAN WORKS
Abstract
La présente étude s’engage dans une exploration approfondie des topographies mémorielles transatlantiques, scrutant avec acuité la manifestation des figures spectrales et les stratégies de résilience déployées face aux séquelles indélébiles du trauma historique dans une sélection d’œuvres de Toni Morrison et de Laurent Gaudé. Chez Morrison, notamment dans le roman magnétique Beloved, le spectre de l’esclavage se matérialise en une présence fantomatique obsédante, cristallisant l’indicible horreur d’un passé qui refuse l’oubli. Corrélativement, chez Gaudé, et singulièrement dans sa poétique de l’anéantissement post-catastrophe de Danser les ombres, les échos des disparus et les vestiges d’un monde révolu imprègnent le présent des survivants, les contraignant à une cohabitation douloureuse avec les limbes du souvenir. Le propos investigatif s’attache à déconstruire les modalités selon lesquelles ces auteurs, ancrés dans des contextes géo-historiques distincts mais confrontés à des formes paradigmatiques de violence et de perte, instrumentalisent la figure spectrale comme un catalyseur narratif et symbolique pour explorer les mécanismes complexes de la résilience individuelle et collective. Si la critique littéraire a abondamment disséqué les thématiques du trauma historique, de la mémoire collective et des stratégies de survie dans les œuvres respectives des deux romanciers, une étude comparée focalisée sur la sémiotique spécifique des figures spectrales comme vecteurs privilégiés de l’expression du trauma et comme moteurs dialectiques de la résilience transcontinentale reste un champ d’investigation fécond. En dépit des exégèses éclairantes, une compréhension synoptique des convergences et des divergences dans la représentation de ces hantises mémorielles et des processus de guérison ou d’adaptation qu’elles engendrent, mérite une élucidation approfondie. Le nœud problématique de cette recherche postule que, malgré leurs ancrages contextuels divergents, les textes de ces deux bêtes de lettres convergent dans leur emploi des figures spectrales comme des manifestations tangibles du trauma historique et comme des catalyseurs essentiels des dynamiques de résilience. Dès lors, une interrogation s’impose avec acuité : Comment les figures spectrales se manifestent-elles et fonctionnent-elles sémiotiquement dans les textes de ces romanciers, et quelles similitudes et dissimilitudes émergent dans leur rôle de catalyseurs de la résilience face aux séquelles persistantes du trauma historique ? L’objectif de cette étude est de décrypter les modalités comparées de la figuration spectrale et leur incidence sur les processus de résilience dans les œuvres soumises à l’étude. La méthodologie privilégiée s’appuie sur une approche comparatiste transculturelle, mobilisant les outils de la psychanalyse littéraire, de la sémiotique, de la thanatologie et des études sur la mémoire traumatique. La pertinence de cette approche réside dans sa capacité à décrypter les mécanismes psychiques et culturels universels qui sous-tendent la confrontation avec la perte et la tentative de reconstruction après un cataclysme historique. L’étude s’articule autour de deux axes fondamentaux : « Typologie et fonction des figures spectrales » et « stratégies de résilience face au spectral ».
The present study undertakes an in-depth exploration of transatlantic memorial topographies, acutely scrutinizing the manifestation of spectral figures and the strategies of resilience deployed in the face of the indelible after-effects of historical trauma in a selection of works by Toni Morrison and Laurent Gaudé. In Morrison’s work, notably in the magnetic novel Beloved, the specter of slavery materializes as a haunting ghostly presence, crystallizing the unspeakable horror of a past that refuses to be forgotten. By the same token, in Gaudé’s Danser les ombres, particularly in his poetics of post-catastrophe annihilation, the echoes of the disappeared and the vestiges of a bygone world permeate the survivors’ present, forcing them into a painful cohabitation with the limbo of memory. The aim of this investigation is to deconstruct the ways in which these authors, rooted in distinct geo-historical contexts but confronted with paradigmatic forms of violence and loss, use the spectral figure as a narrative and symbolic catalyst to explore the complex mechanisms of individual and collective resilience. While literary criticism has extensively dissected the themes of historical trauma, collective memory and survival strategies in the respective works of both novelists, a comparative study focusing on the specific semiotics of spectral figures as privileged vectors for the expression of trauma and as dialectical engines of transcontinental resilience remains a fertile field of investigation. Despite the illuminating exegeses, a synoptic understanding of the convergences and divergences in the representation of these memorial hauntings, and the healing or adaptation processes they engender, merits further elucidation. The core problem of this research is that, despite their divergent contextual anchors, the texts of those beasts of letters converge in their use of spectral figures as tangible manifestations of historical trauma and as essential catalysts of resilience dynamics. How do spectral figures manifest themselves and function semiotically in the texts of those novelists, and what similarities and dissimilarities emerge in their role as catalysts of resilience in the face of the lingering after-effects of historical trauma? The aim of this study is to decipher the comparative modalities of spectral figuration and their impact on resilience processes in the works submitted for study. The methodology adopted is based on a comparative transcultural approach, drawing on the tools of literary psychoanalysis, semiotics, thanatology and studies of traumatic memory. The relevance of this approach lies in its ability to decipher the universal psychic and cultural mechanisms underlying the confrontation with loss and the attempt at reconstruction after a historical cataclysm. The study is structured around two fundamental axes: “Typology and function of spectral figures” and “Resilience strategies in the face of the spectral”.
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DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejmts.v5i1.628
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