EVALUATION DU RISQUE DE MAJORATION DES ANOMALIES ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIQUES DE REPOS AU COURS D’UNE EPREUVE D’EFFORT CHEZ DES ARBITRES MASCULINS DE FOOTBALL DU BURKINA FASO / INCREASED RISK ASSESSMENT OF RESTING ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHIC ABNOMALIES DURING EXERCISE TEST AMONG MALE SOCCER REFEREES FRON BURKINA FASO
Abstract
Introduction : L’activité physique régulière est bénéfique pour la santé cardiovasculaire mais chez les sujets présentant des anomalies à l’électrocardiogramme (ECG) standard, l’effort intense peut s’avérer délétère. Le but de cette étude était de déterminer au cours d’une épreuve d’effort, le risque de majoration des anomalies ECG de repos chez des arbitres de football d’élite et de sub-élite masculins du Burkina Faso. Méthodes : Il s’est agi une étude d’intervention, réalisée avec 18 arbitres, répartis en deux groupes : groupe cas (GCA : n = 7) et groupe contrôle (GCO : n = 11) à profil ECG de repos respectivement anomal et normal. GCA et GCO ont été soumis à une épreuve d’effort maximale suivant un protocole de Bruce avancé. Les profils chronotrope et tensionnel, l’accroissement tensionnel systolique, l’électrocardiogramme d’effort, puis l’échocardiogramme ont été étudiés. La pente d’accroissement tensionnel systolique à l’effort a été déterminée à l’aide de la régression Fc-PAS. Résultats : Les profils chronotrope et tensionnel étaient normaux dans les deux groupes mais la pression artérielle systolique était plus élevée (p = 0,01) dans GCA à la récupération. Dans GCA et dans GCO, la pression artérielle systolique s’est accrue de façon linéaire (p < 0,001) en fonction de la fréquence cardiaque, avec une équation de régression significative (p < 0,001). Deux extrasystoles ventriculaires isolées sont apparues chez un arbitre de GCA mais les résultats échocardiographiques n’étaient pas associés à une pathologie. Conclusion : Les résultats indiquent que les paramètres cardiovasculaires étudiés au cours de l’épreuve, chez les arbitres burkinabè à profil ECG de repos anormal, n’étaient pas associés à une maladie cardiaque. Ils devront être autorisés à participer aux compétitions sportives et suivre un contrôle périodique.
Introduction: Regular physical activity is beneficial for cardiovascular health but in subjects with standard electrocardiogram (ECG) abnormalities, intense effort can be harmful. The aim of this study was to determine during a stress test, the risk of increased resting ECG abnormalities in male elite and sub-elite football referees from Burkina Faso. Methods: This was an intervention study, carried out with 18 referees, divided into two groups: case group (CAG: n = 7) and control group (COG: n = 11) with respectively abnormal and normal resting ECG profile. CAG and COG were subjected to a maximal exercise test following an advanced Bruce protocol. Results: The chronotropic and blood pressure profiles, the systolic blood pressure increase, the stress electrocardiogram, then the echocardiogram were studied. The systolic pressure increase slope during exercise was determined using Fc-PAS regression. Chronotropic and blood pressure profiles were normal in both groups but systolic blood pressure was higher (p = 0.01) in CAG at recovery. In both CAG and COG, systolic blood pressure increased linearly (p < 0.001) with heart rate, with a significant regression equation (p < 0.001). Two isolated ventricular extrasystoles appeared in one referee in CAG but the echocardiographic findings were not associated with pathology. Conclusion: The results indicate that the cardiovascular parameters studied during the stress test, in Burkinabè referees with an abnormal resting ECG profile, were not associated with heart disease. They must be authorized to participate in sports competitions and undergo periodic checks.
Article visualizations:
Keywords
Full Text:
PDFReferences
Ascenzi, F. D., Zorzi, A., Alvino, F., Bonifazi, M., Corrado, D., & Mondillo, S. (2017). The prevalence and clinical significance of premature ventricular beats in the athlete. Scand J Med Sci Sports, 2017, 27, 140–151. Doi : 10.1111/sms.12679
Bangsbo, J., Iaia, F. M., & Krustrup, P. (2008). The yo-yo intermittent recovery test: a useful tool for evaluation of physical performance in intermittent sports. Sports Medicine, 38(1), 37-51. Doi : 10.2165/00007256-200838010-00004
Basu, J., & Malhotra, A. (2018). Interpreting the athlete’s ECG : current state and future perspectives. Current Treatment Options in Cardiovascular Medicine, 20(12), 104-114. Doi : 10.1007/s11936-018-0693-0
Bauer, P., Kraushaar, L., Hoelscher, S., Weber, R., Akdogan, E., Keranov, S., Dörr, O., Nef, H., Hamm, C. W., & Most, A. (2021). Blood pressure response and vascular function of professional athletes and controls Authors. Sports Medicine International Open, 5, 45-52. Doi: 10.1055/a-1400-1897
Bizzini, M., Schmied, C., Junge, A., & Dvorak, J. (2012). Precompetition medical assessment of referees and assistant referees selected for the 2010 FIFA World Cup. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 46(5), 374-376. Doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2011-090362
Brosnan, M. J., Claessen, G., Heidbuchel, H., Prior, D. L., & La Gerche, A. (2015). Right precordial T-wave inversion in healthy endurance athletes can be explained by lateral displacement of the cardiac apex. JACC: Clinical Electrophysiology, 1(12), 84-91. Doi: 10.1016/j.jacep.2015.03.007
Calore, C., Zorzi, A., Sheikh, N., Nese, A., Facci, M., Malhotra, A., Zaidi, A., Schiavon, M., Pelliccia, A., Sharma, S., & Corrado, D. (2016). Electrocardiographic anterior T-wave inversion in athletes of different ethnicities: differential diagnosis between athlete’s heart and cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal, 37(32), 2515-2527. Doi : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehv591
Carré, F. (2014). La mort subite liée à la pratique sportive. La Presse Médicale, 43(8), 831-839. Doi : 10.1016/j.lpm.2014.04.010
Caselli, S., Serdoz, A., Mango, F., Lemme, E., Vaquer Seguì, A., Milan, A., Attenhofer Jost, C., Schmied, C., Spataro, A., & Pelliccia, A. (2019). High blood pressure response to exercise predicts future development of hypertension in young athletes. European Heart Journal, 40(1), 62-68. Doi : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehy810
Castagna, C., Abt, G., & D’Ottavio, S. (2007). Physiological aspects of soccer refereeing performance and training. Sports Medicine, 37(7), 625-646. Doi : 10.2165/00007256-200737070-00006
Di Paolo, F. M., Schmied, C., Zerguini, Y. A., Junge, A., Quattrini, F., Culasso, F., Dvorak, J., & Pelliccia, A. (2012). The athlete’s heart in adolescent africans: an electrocardiographic and echocardiographic study. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 59(11), 1029-1036. Doi : 10.1016/j.jacc.2011.12.008
Drezner, J. A., Sharma, S., Baggish, A., Papadakis, M., Wilson, M. G., Prutkin, J. M., Gerche, A. La, Ackerman, M. J., Borjesson, M., Salerno, J. C., Asif, I. M., Owens, D. S., Chung, E. H., Emery, M. S., Froelicher, V. F., Heidbuchel, H., Adamuz, C., Asplund, C. A., Cohen, G., … Corrado, D. (2017). International criteria for electrocardiographic interpretation in athletes: consensus statement. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 51(9), 704-731. Doi : 10.1136/bjsports-2016-097331
Elliott, P. M., Uk, C., Anastasakis, A., Germany, M. A. B., Germany, M. B., Cecchi, F., France, P. C., Alain, A., France, H., Lafont, A., Germany, H. M., Mckenna, W. J., Denmark, J. M., Uk, P. N., Germany, C. T., & Uk, H. W. (2014). 2014 ESC Guidelines on diagnosis and management of hypertrophic cardiomyopathy. European Heart Journal, 35(39), 2733-2779. Doi : 10.1093/eurheartj/ehu284
Finocchiaro, G., Papadakis, M., Dhutia, H., Zaidi, A., Malhotra, A., Fabi, E., Cappelletto, C., Brook, J., Papatheodorou, E., Ensam, B., Miles, C. J., Bastiaenen, R., Attard, V., Homfray, T., Sharma, R., Tome, M., Carr-White, G., Merlo, M., Behr, E. R., … Sharma, S. (2019). Electrocardiographic differentiation between benign T-wave inversion and arrhythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy. Europace, 21(2), 332-338. Doi : 10.1093/europace/euy179
Fuchs, T., Torjman, A., Galitzkaya, L., Leitman, M., & Pilz-Burstein, R. (2011). The clinical significance of ventricular arrhythmias during an exercise test in non-competitive and competitive athletes. Israel Medical Association Journal, 13(12), 735-739.
Iellamo, F., Legramante, J. M., Pigozzi, F., Spataro, A., Norbiato, G., Lucini, D., & Pagani, M. (2002). Conversion from vagal to sympathetic predominance with strenuous training in high-performance world class athletes. Circulation, 105(23), 2719-2724. Doi : 10.1161/01.CIR.0000018124.01299.AE
Keller, D. I., Bizzini, M., Feddermann, N., Junge, A., & Dvorak, J. (2013). FIFA Women’s World Cup 2011: pre-competition medical assessment of female referees and assistant referees. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(3), 179-181. Doi : 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091436
Kim, R. J., Iwai, S., Markowitz, S. M., Shah, B. K., Stein, K. M., & Lerman, B. B. (2007). Clinical and electrophysiological spectrum of idiopathic ventricular out flow tract arrhythmias. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 49(20), 2035-2043. Doi : 10.1016/j.jacc.2007.01.085
Marcadet, D.-M. (2004). Électrocardiogramme d’effort. EMC-Cardiologie-Angéiologie, 1(4), 281-309. Doi : 10.1016/j.emcaa.2004.08.001
Marcadet, D. M., Pavy, B., Bosser, G., Claudot, F., Corone, S., Douard, H., Iliou, M. C., Vergès-Patois, B., Amedro, P., Le Tourneau, T., Cueff, C., Avedian, T., Solal, A. C., & Carré, F. (2018). French society of cardiology guidelines on exercise tests (part 1): Methods and interpretation. Archives of Cardiovascular Diseases, 111(12), 782-790. Doi : 10.1016/j.acvd.2018.05.005
Prior, D. (2018). Differentiating athlete’s heart from cardiomyopathies : the right side. Heart Lung and Circulation, 27(9), 1063-1071. Doi : 10.1016/j.hlc.2018.04.300
Sarma, S., & Levine, B. D. (2016). Beyond the Bruce Protocol: advanced exercise testing for the sports cardiologist. Cardiology Clinics, 34(4), 603-608. Doi : 10.1016/j.ccl.2016.06.009
Sheikh, N., Papadakis, M., Carre, F., Kervio, G., Panoulas, V. F., Ghani, S., Zaidi, A., Gati, S., Rawlins, J., Wilson, M. G., & Sharma, S. (2013). Cardiac adaptation to exercise in adolescent athletes of African ethnicity : an emergent elite athletic population. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 47(9), 585-592. Doi: 10.1136/bjsports-2012-091874
Sheikh, N., Papadakis, M., Wilson, M., Malhotra, A., Adamuz, C., Homfray, T., Monserrat, L., Behr, E. R., & Sharma, S. (2018). Diagnostic yield of genetic testing in young athletes with t-wave inversion. Circulation, 138(12), 1184-1194. Doi : 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.034208
Tougouma, S. J.-B., Zingue Ouattara, W. B. A., Yaméogo, N. V., Kambiré, Y., Millogo, G. R. C., Kologo, J. K., Sidibé, S., & Zabsonré, P. (2019). Le cœur d’athlète de haut niveau d’entraînement : résultats d’une enquête transversale menée à Bobo-Dioulasso, Burkina Faso. Annales de Cardiologie et d’Angéiologie, 68(1), 17-21. Doi: 10.1016/j.ancard.2018.06.001
Van De Sande, D. A. J. P., Hoogsteen, J., Doevendans, P. A., & Kemps, H. M. C. (2019). The influence of left ventricular geometry on the occurrence of abnormal exercise tests in athletes. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 19(1), 1-9. Doi : 10.1186/s12872-018-0983-1
Verdile, L., Maron, B. J., Pelliccia, A., Spataro, A., Santini, M., & Biffi, A. (2015). Clinical significance of exercise-induced ventricular tachyarrhythmias in trained athletes without cardiovascular abnormalities. Heart Rhythm, 12(1), 78-85. Doi: 10.1016/j.hrthm.2014.09.009
Weston, M., Castagna, C., Impellizzeri, F. M., Bizzini, M., Williams, A. M., & Gregson, W. (2012). Science and medicine applied to soccer refereeing: An update. Sports Medicine, 42(7), 615-631. Doi : 10.2165/11632360-000000000-00000
Zhang, Y., Qi, L., van de Vosse, F., Du, C., Yao, Y., Du, J., Wu, G., & Xu, L. (2020). Recovery responses of central hemodynamics in basketball athletes and controls after the Bruce Test. Frontiers in Physiology, 11, 1-9. Doi : 10.3389/fphys.2020.593277
Zorzi, A., Vessella, T., De Lazzari, M., Cipriani, A., Menegon, V., Sarto, G., Spagnol, R., Merlo, L., Pegoraro, C., Marra, M. P., Corrado, D., & Sarto, P. (2020). Screening young athletes for diseases at risk of sudden cardiac death: role of stress testing for ventricular arrhythmias. European Journal of Preventive Cardiology, 27(3), 311-320. Doi : 10.1177/2047487319890973
DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.46827/ejpe.v8i2.4253
Refbacks
- There are currently no refbacks.
Copyright (c) 2022 Adama Tiama, Nobila Valentin Yaméogo, Fabrice Gilchrist Gouthon, Kocou Basile Nouatin, Bio Nigan Issiako, Taryetba André Arthur Seghda, Kiswendsida Guy Hervé Ouedraogo, Lynda Ouedraogo
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.
Copyright © 2015 - 2023. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science (ISSN 2501 - 1235) is a registered trademark of Open Access Publishing Group. All rights reserved.
This journal is a serial publication uniquely identified by an International Standard Serial Number (ISSN) serial number certificate issued by Romanian National Library (Biblioteca Nationala a Romaniei). All the research works are uniquely identified by a CrossRef DOI digital object identifier supplied by indexing and repository platforms. All authors who send their manuscripts to this journal and whose articles are published on this journal retain full copyright of their articles. All the research works published on this journal are meeting the Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
