Crime inflicts various harms on its victims. It is more than three decades that study of victims of crime has been the subject of a new field in criminal sciences called "victimology". This scientific discipline considers prevention of crime through prevention of victimization as its main aim. Following appearance of victimology, its literature gradually got importance in the global level.Meanwhile, the General Assembly of the United Nations adopted the "Declaration of Basic Principles of Justice for Victims of Crime and Abuse of Power" on 29 November 1985. This Declaration is based on the notion that victims should be treated with compassion and respect for their dignity, and that they are entitled to access to the mechanisms of justice to prompt redress. This document suggests measures to facilitate access of victims to justice, fair treatment, restitution, compensation and assistance in the international, regional and national levels. The Declaration is the first instrument which contains global standards and criterions to recognize victims, their rights and a model for protection of them and, thus, should be regarded as a charter for victims. It is obvious that this charter is a proper guide for national legal systems in order to protect victims. This paper, based on what mentioned above, reviews the approach of Iranian Criminal Justice System based upon a legislative criminal policy to the international standards. It shows that although some developments can be seen in this system, there is not an ideal model consisting of various forms of protecting victims.

The article is elaborated at the turn of medical psychology and jurisprudence and is devoted to the problems of implementing the right of the victim to procedural communication during criminal proceedings in connection with the physiological and psychological condition of the victim of a criminal offense.The authors conclude that the victim must be recognized as the proper subject of the right to free legal assistance (at the expense of the state), taking into account the psycho-emotional condition of the victim, and in some cases also the physiological condition (amenia, akineticmutism, apalicsyndrome, sopor, coma, lethargy), indicating the inability to protect the rights and legitimate interests of the victim.As a result of the study, there is a need to ensure the rights and freedoms of victims in criminal proceedings and existence, which will not be life-threatening for health.The implementation of measures to restore the mental health of victims of a criminal offense is underlined, given that fear and negative emotional experiences can cause not only mental and moral suffering, but also physical (somatic) disease.

The present paper, through a theoretical research and a operational systematization, proposes a reflection on the processes of victimization and on the dynamics that underlie it. Such a worried science phenomena can not only be criminological, psychological and legal but also social and forensic prorogation. The object of studing victimology, which undergoes different identification according to the sociological, clinical, psychological profile analysis , can basically be summarized in three different concerns of thought and observation.The aims of the victimology are diagnostic in relation to the situation and to the emerging problems, preventive compared to the offense and reparative towards the injured party. In many of the countries of Western Balkans to date the absence of national legislation to protect victims of crime, regardless of the type of crime that has affected them (and its legal definition), the nature of the damage and outcomes, the criminogenesis and criminodynamics of the crime, from the characteristics of the victim, does not make the fundamental rights of citizenship of care, assistance and reparation that are recognized by their Constitution. Therefore, creating a Neighbor network of research, support and strategic planning will be helpful for developing a security map of criminal, forensic and psychosocial prophylaxis.

Numerous and various events that are causing harmful consequences require the performance of numerous activities at the location of an event, bearing in mind the importance of their nature, causes, actors and other questions that are important in order to solve such cases, as well as large information potential of the scene of the event. Besides the measures such as help provided to injured persons, prevention of further destructive influence of causes of an event, remedy of consequences, etc., the important part within the procedures made on a scene of an event is the criminal investigation procedures, i.e. crime scene investigation. Complexity of such a procedure, besides the large number of specific and special actions, is the most visible within the conditions of massive accidents - emergency situations. In this paper the emphasize is on those circumstances that are mutual for the largest number of events that are following up those massive destructions and that are endangering ...

Criminal code is so important than other legal code, because its relevance to people life, honor and property. so I think if you want scrutiny develop of society you must note to its criminal law & penal procedure. In Iran we see that all of codes are based on FIGH (Islamic Rules); so it's necessary for Non-Muslim to understand SHARI'A rules, sake realizes roots of Islamic law, Punishments in criminal law are the most important ingredient of SHARI'A rules. In this paper I'm trying to pore over punishments and their reasons that state in Islamic legal books, because one of the basic sources in Islamic law is theories of Islamic jurisconsult that explain in their books and treatises.

The term victim in general parlance refers to all those who experience injury, loss or hardship due to any cause and one of such causes maybe crime. Therefore, victimology may be defined as a study of people who experience injury or hardship due to any cause. It involves study of victim characteristics and maybe called victim profiling ‘. Victimology recognises two types of victims: first type consists of direct victims i.e. those who are alive and suffering on account of the harm inflicted by the accused while committing the crime and second type comprises of indirect victims who are dependants of the direct victims of crimes who undergo sufferings due to deprivation of their breadwinner. A victim of crime cannot be a forgotten person ‘in a criminal justice system. It is he who has suffered the most. Victimology is the science of study of victimization and relation of victim and offender and the interaction between victim and criminal justice system. The present research paper will...

Abstract Child sexual abuse is an issue that has significant consequences for both the health of the individual and society, but it is not desired to be revealed and is often repressed. The cases reported to the judicial authorities are just the tip of the iceberg. This study aims to analyze the effect of “stigmatizing the victim”, which has an important role in keeping child sexual abuse concealed. To find the social risk factors of child sexual abuse and to determine the effect of sexual stigma on the victim, the forensic case files of children who were subject to sexual abuse and then referred to the Child Monitoring Center in Malatya between 2015 and 2019, were investigated. All files of 678 children who were registered as victims of sexual abuse between those years were analyzed using content analysis technique. As a result of the research, it was found that the confrontation of the victim children with sexual stigma caused the sexual abuse cases to remain concealed. Along with stigmatization, factors, such as dishonor and shame, fear of staying out of gender values, pressure from social environment and patriarchal family, being threatened, incest relationships, worrying about the reputation of the victim and her/his family are effective in concealment of the sexual abuse. Keywords: Child, Child Sexual Abuse, Sexual Stigma, Stigmatization Özet Çocuk cinsel istismarı hem bireysel hem de toplumsal sağlık açısından önemli sonuçları olan fakat açığa çıkarılmak istenmeyen ve genellikle bastırılan bir konudur. Adli makamlara bildirilen vakalar, buzdağının sadece görünen kısmıdır. Bu çalışmanın amacı, çocuk cinsel istismarının gizli kalmasında önemli bir rolü bulunan "mağduru damgalama"nın etkisini analiz etmektir. Çocuk cinsel istismarının toplumsal risk faktörlerini bulabilmek ve cinsel damgalamanın mağdur üzerindeki etkisini tespit edebilmek amacıyla, adli kurumlar tarafından 2015-2019 yılları arasında Malatya ilindeki Çocuk İzlem Merkezi'ne yönlendirilen cinsel istismara uğramış çocukların adlî vaka dosyaları araştırılmıştır. Bu yıllar arasında kayıtlı bulunan cinsel istismar mağduru 678 çocuğa ait dosyaların tamamı, içerik analizi tekniği ile incelenmiştir. Araştırma sonucunda, mağdur çocukların cinsel damgalanma ile karşı karşıya bulunmasının, cinsel istismar vakalarının gizli kalmasına neden olduğu görülmüştür. Damgalamayla birlikte mağdur çocukların cinsel istismar olaylarını gizlemelerinde, lekelenme ve utanç duygusu, toplumsal cinsiyet değerlerinin dışında kalma korkusu, sosyal çevre ve ataerkil aile baskısı, tehdit edilme, ensest ilişkiler, mağdurun ve ailesinin itibarının zedelenme endişeleri gibi faktörlerin önemli rol oynadığı tespit edilmiştir.

For a criminal policy, in the broadest sense, to be successful and compatible with a realistic view of the criminal phenomenon in the field of pragmatism judgment and to achieve its objectives, it needs a background which, in its absence, not only laws based on realistic criminal policy fail, but their application in such a situation will cause a double damage to society: legal and moral. Apply methods of social prevention in the economic and cultural dimension, observing the principle of minimum criminal law, the mandatory anticipation of the presentation of a personality profile in all crimes committed and finally, the establishment of a care administration to comply with the implementation of realistic laws in the best possible way. It is concluded that this path that combines criminal policy and pragmatic legal realism is one of the desired areas in question in the field of criminal investigation in Iran. This research, which is conducted using the content analysis method, ident...

One of the most important necessities that victimology requires at least within criminal sciences is to create a general theory describing and explaining all concepts, theories and hypotheses which may be used in this scientific sphere. The present article seeks to introduce such a theory, using key terminologies formed the literature and content of victimology from beginning of its emergence since mid of the twentieth century. The new discipline of criminal sciences that I argue in this article has emerged in the light of two criminological and legal approaches. The work of the victimology theory is to incorporating these approaches into a unified field of study which is based upon three key concepts: active personality of victim, nature of victimhood/victimization and passivity of victim. In my final considerations, I conclude that the victimology theory can have virtues and advantages including in criminal etiology, preventing victimization and offending and overall formulating a...