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Many Public Benefit Organizations (PBOs) have emerged within Kenya with the aim of offering solutions to the many problems being faced by the citizens. Donors provide funds to these organizations with a belief that the funds will be utilized towards the achievement of organizational objectives as laid out in the detailed implementation plans and annual work plans. In order to maximize the efficient use of resources and to create the highest level of transparency and accountability in these organizations, financial monitoring systems have been put in place. This research study aimed at finding the effects of financial monitoring interventions on programme performance for the Public Benefit Organizations in Kisumu County. Primary data was collected using a semi-structured questionnaire with close- ended questions. A sample of 50 PBOs was selected out of which data was successfully obtained from 42 PBOs representing 84% response rate which was sufficient for the study. Data was analyzed using ANOVA (analysis of Variance) and descriptive statistics used included frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviations Data testing was conducted to obtain a good-fit estimation, tests were carried out to ensure statistical assumptions, such as linearity of variables. The study concluded that when all the three financial monitoring techniques are conducted simultaneously and other factors are held constant, PBOs’ programmes attained performance threshold with a performance percentage of 76.2 %. The results showed that financial monitoring positively contributes to programme performance for Public Benefit Organizations in Kisumu County.

In the present context of women’s socio-economic empowerment, Bangladesh has played a revolutionary role in microcredit movement and has proved that the poor women are creditworthy and they can even do better in repaying the debt. This movement is no longer limited to only microcredit program; rather it includes more service-oriented in the frame of microfinance operation. Microcredit institutions in Bangladesh have dramatically increased the credit available to poor rural women since the mid-1980s. Moreover, Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) have become a dominant financial institution for the poor section of people, especially women who cannot access formal financial institutions in a large extent. Though poor women have access to microfinance, later it has been explored that due to various kind of patriarchal norms and other socio-economical constraints, women in most cases lose the control on proper utilization of debt. Even though, sometimes women’s decision-making power and the expansion of enterprise became shrink due to lack of control over the loan utilization process. This paper mainly focuses on how microfinance intervention in Bangladesh played a decisive role in women’s economic empowerment and to what extent government policy initiatives and institutional building approach assist in flourishing microfinance discourse more friendly for the most vulnerable poor women. Moreover, this paper also evaluates the most prominent two selected institutions named BRAC and Grameen Bank’s microfinance operation from a critical viewpoint and assess to what are the existing ambiguity in the arena of microfinance operation at the field level.

The aim of this study is to measure the knowledge management strategies and organizational performance in Abu Dhabi utilizing a structural equation modeling (SEM) approach. The research method of this research is a solely quantitative method where the total sample size is considered 331 employing simple random sampling. For this research, the structural model exhibited the relationships among the variables. The findings reveal that, knowledge management structure is positively related to knowledge management strategy, same to knowledge management practice is positively related to knowledge management strategy. However, knowledge management structure was found not really positively related to organizational performance. Unexpectedly, knowledge management practice has not also found significant either in terms of positively related to organizational performance. On the other hand, knowledge management strategy is positively related to organizational performance as well as reciprocal relationship found between knowledge management structure and knowledge management practice. This research has contributed to the existing knowledge by providing an empirically validated model which could be used to predict the organizational performance as a whole.

The purpose of this study is to determine the impact of strategic management planning in the development of healthcare sector in Abu Dhabi. The hypothesized research model and the key relationships were considered for the achieving the research objectives. In this proposed model, altogether seven hypotheses are developed to test the relationships among the various variables. To test the specific relationship of hypothesis, quantitative data must be collected to analyze the relationship and finally the result could be generalized on the population and select a sufficient sample size which represents the whole population that is what this research employed. In this study, the target population is the healthcare employees in Abu Dhabi. For this study, the sample size was 326 respondents from the healthcare sector in Abu Dhabi. Results revealed that healthcare service and facility is positively and significantly correlated with development of healthcare sector, as well as healthcare service and facility is positively and significantly correlated with financial and operational efficiency. Result also showed that financial and operational efficiency is positively and significantly correlated with development of healthcare sector, and healthcare service and facility is positively and significantly related with strategic management planning. However, strategic management planning does not a positive and significant influence on development of healthcare sector. The results of this study provide evidence that increased healthcare service and facility is associated with increased development of healthcare sector. This research has contributed to the existing knowledge by providing an empirically tested/validated model which could be used to predict a material portion of the variables that contributes to the eventual success of the healthcare.

Over the centuries, there has been a widespread destruction of wildlife species at the global level. Some of the causes of wildlife extinctions have been the loss of habitats due to global population growth rates. Some areas which used to be habitats for wildlife have been turned into commercial farms, towns and cities. In traditional Africa wildlife co-existed peacefully with human populations. Although some animals were occasionally hunted for meat and ivory, this practice could never upset the ecological balance due to the primitive nature of the weapons which were employed. However, with the advent of colonialism, many animal species were driven to extinction due to the efficiency of the weapons which were used. The use of fire arms in hunting expeditions became a major threat to animals such as elephants, rhinos, buffaloes, lions and impalas. While in North America many species such as the passenger pigeon disappeared, in Africa many have survived although they are still under threat from poachers. This paper examines the challenges which confront the Zimbabwe Parks and Wildlife Management Authority (PWMA) in the conservation of wildlife species such as elephants, lions, rhinos, buffaloes and impala. It focuses on the challenges which have occurred since 2000 during the ‘Fast Track Land Reform Programme’ (FTLRP). It is based on information which was collected in October, 2017. This involved the use of secondary and primary sources of information including interviews and questionnaires.

Businesses are important to the society that they serve. They provide goods and services to society as well as create employment. AS businesses provide these services to society they are in turn affected adversely by diseases through infection of employees. This study was carried out to find out the effects of HIV/AIDS on retail businesses in Botswana. A sample of nineteen (19) respondents was drawn from retail stores owned by Spar Botswana. The key research questions were:  1. How does HIV/AIDS affect the running of a business? 2. How do business firms deal with the effects of HIV/AIDS? 3. Do business organizations have workplace policies on HIV/AIDS that seek to minimize its effects? The key objectives were: 1. How the running of a business is affected by HIV/AIDS. 2. How business firms deal with the effects of HIV/AIDS. 3. If business organizations have workplace policies on HIV/AIDS that seek to minimize its effects. The study used the qualitative research method. The data collection techniques or tools used were the questionnaire and structured interviews. One of the key findings was that HIV/AIDS affects worker productivity in many ways, the key ones being that it lowers productivity and hence profitability. Another important finding was that some business organizations have policies that guide or govern workers to cope with the HIV/AIDS epidemic at the workplaces. Spar Botswana retail businesses have such policies for the benefit of both the workers and the employees. The study came up with several; recommendations to make businesses to cope with the HIV/AIDS situation at the workplaces. Two of these recommendations are 1. Businesses formulate and implement policies that encourage workers to test for HIV/AIDS on regular basis. 2. Businesses should host testing days where workers get immediate consultation when they find out if they are infected.

İbrahim Çallı, Türk resim sanatında önemli bir yere sahiptir. Bu çalışma ile Çallı Kuşağı (1914 Kuşağı) dönemindeki Gül Koklayan Kadın isimli eser, disiplinlerarası bağlamda incelenmektedir. Çallı’ nın bu eseri, Akademik ve Disiplinlerarası Yeni Sanat Eleştirisi Kuramı’ na göre çözümlenerek her yönden sonuca ulaştırılmıştır.

This paper aims to present the brand equity trends among top banks and financial brands during 2001-15. The research uses the data published by world’s leading brand consultancy Interbrand. During 2001-2015, a total of 19 financial brands from seven countries appeared in the top 100 global brands list. Analyses were made on the basis of cumulative brand equity, average brand equity and growth patterns. Some major trends presented in this paper are; (a) global economic recession (2008-2009) affected the financial brands more than other sectors; (b) different clusters of financial institutions moved differently during recession and afterwards (c) dominance of American financial brands remained the key observation.

JEL: D02, E02, G21, F01

The main objective of this study is to identify impediments or information that affect problems associated with arrival time, which in the long run constitutes mobility challenges. Transport challenges exist in the Chad Basin due to the geography of transport, flow of immigrants which is always examined as a strong factor for the growth of conflicts (insurgency and other crisis). The Chad Basin encourages the growth of various groups for agriculture and commerce. The dynamism of Lake Chad had introduced conflicts which had changed individual transport behaviour and risks over the years, and reduction in logistic management – cross-border trade, an important factor for growth in trade for Lake Chad Basin Countries. The estimated predictors using the multinomial marginal change shows that there may be gains in access but the dynamism - the terrain of the region and current trends in security concerns has had effects on mobility challenges, especially due to unmaintained roads, high travel insecurity as a result of crisis and insurgency, high travel cost and longer travel time. We recommend that priorities of government in the Lake Chad Basin should gradually change from funding to end the insurgency and rehabilitation of victims to road rehabilitation, to remove all barriers to mobility challenges as a results of impassable roads and closed roads, high security travel risks and low level of cross-border trade in the region attributed to road conditions amongst others.

The study examines the concept of literature review in research framework. The main objective is to gather various and explicit scholars' views on how to review, manage and structure literature review as a vital component of research proposal. Therefore, content analysis as qualitative technique is employed to achieve the objective of the paper. The paper discusses the concept of research, social scientific research, and identifies number of social scientific research norms (universalism, organized skepticism, disinterestedness, communalism and honest). Again, the paper identifies goals and various sources of literature review including primary and secondary sources, its types, and common challenges and finally, basic substances/sub-heading, which every literature review should include. Consequently, the findings reveals that five basic sub-headings including introduction, conceptual framework, theoretical framework (if needed), review of empirical studies and summary and uniqueness of the study should be included in the chapter (Review of Related Literature).

Zimbabwe’s problems of land degradation date back to the colonial era when the Rhodesian government created native reserves, the so-called Tribal Trust Lands (TTLs) in 1926. Through the enactment of the Land Apportionment Act of 1930, the country was subdivided into European and Native Lands. Since the Act ignored the population disparities of these areas, an environmental crisis was bound to occur in the near future. Furthermore, the Europeans took the best agricultural land while blacks were relegated to the drier and less productive areas. Due to the introduction of the ox-drawn plough, the communal lands were subjected to massive land degradation in the form of deforestation and soil erosion. Although massive land re-distribution has occurred since 2000, land degradation has spread to the newly-resettled areas as human and livestock populations continue to increase in these former white farms. The demand of timber for building purposes as well as wood fuel in these areas, have worsened the environmental crisis. In tobacco farming areas deforestation has been worsened by the demand for energy to cure the harvested crop. Another challenge has been that of a weak environmental education (EE) programme which focuses on scientific facts about the environment rather than behavior change. Organizations such as the Environmental Management Agency (EMA) are not well equipped to provide their mandate due to the lack of resources, vehicles for transport and inadequate manpower. Based on information that was collected in September, 2017, this paper examines Zimbabwe’s land degradation problem from an historical perspective. It argues that unless the rate of deforestation and soil erosion are curbed or reduced, Zimbabwe’s dream of achieving sustainable resource conservation in future is unlikely to be achieved in the long run.

The focus of this paper is to examine the role of Obafemi Awolowo in restoring Nigeria’s unity after the ill-fated secession attempt by the Eastern Region on 30 May, 1967. The paper obtained its data extensively from secondary sources. This is made up of books, journal articles, newspaper reports and government publications relevant to the study. It employs the historical method of data analysis in interrogating information obtained. The paper notes that the Nigerian civil war of 1967-1970, a military response to the political conflict between the North and the East, almost ended in a failure. The impasse was, however, resolved through the strategy of starvation and economic blockade initiated by Awolowo which eventually instigated the surrender of Biafra forces to the Federal Government’s forces in January, 1970. The paper concludes that Awolowo’s ingenuity and strategic advice eventually saved the Nigerian state from imminent decimation and balkanization. His prudent management of the national treasury, as finance minister during the war years, further aided the implementation of the 3Rs post-war programme of reconciliation, rehabilitation and reconstruction. This, no doubt, helped significantly in stabilizing the Nigerian polity after the cessation of hostilities in January, 1970.

The reason to choose this topic for research among others is the studies method of this issue or paper, since it is one of the most spread problems among children nowadays, because a number of them perform heavy duties and with destructive consequences for their health as in the psychic aspect and also in that emotional one, but also in the inappropriate construction of the child’s personality. However, on the occasion of knowing and studying of these circumstances today, we primarily have a better awareness as in this cases to the parents-family, social-cultural environment and also the society in general. The key of the research or the aim of the problem in to regard is familiarizing with the causes and motives of engaging children at work and their knowing of the factors influencing in spreading this incidence which is of a large extent and very concerning, for the fact that this incidence is increasing every day more and more. The occurrence of studying these issues and familiarizing with the circumstances the impellent and motivating factors in this aspect, has affected the change of this situation to a large extent. Our research problem in this case will be “causes and motives of engaging children at work”. This will be our research focus in this regard.

Historically, Iran has dominated the regional politics in several aspects, but after the Second World War, Saudi Arabia emerged as a significant player in regional politics. Both states have several differences; Saudi Arabia is Sunni dominated state with monarchical system of governance while Iran has a Shia dominated population and Islamic republic nature of governance. Saudi Arabia and Iran have been in a conflict with each other for several decades and there have been a number of issues that have intensified the Saudi-Iran rivalry for the several decades and created instability in the region. Iranian nuclear programme and capital punishment of Shia cleric by Saudi government have also further increased their rivalry. But, their recent enmity has had a drastic impact on the West Asian region. Therefore, regional conflicts have been becoming very complex and affecting the regional politics as well as international politics. The main aim of this paper is to examine the causes of Saudi-Iran rivalry and how does it impact on regional politics.

In the town of Drishtit during the Middle Age, among the noble families, there was also the Spani family, who was very well known. Out of this family emerged important figures whom Aleks Spani was noteworthy. In the field of his activity, Aleks Spani was very well known both for the diplomatic role and for the exercise of other important function’s, of which we highlight his position as a mayor of the city of Novobërdë. Although we have not encountered so much information about Aleks Spani as a mayor of the city of Novobërdë, however it was proven that Aleks Spani was the mayor of the city we. After the fall of Novobërdë under the Ottoman dominance, the information we have for Aleks Spani refers to his diplomatic mission. Within this mission he had served as a mediator between the Republic of Venice and the Ottoman Empire.After the fall of Drishti under the Ottoman dominance, Aleks Spani with his family settled in Venice. The Spani family through marriage’s had managed to connect with the familiar feudal families, like the Kastrioti one, because Pjetër Spani’s wife, was the sister of Vojsava, mother of Scanderbeg, as well as with other familiar families of that time not only from the different parts of Albania but also wider. An example of this case, we got the marriage of Aleks Spani, who was married with Miliza, daughter of a Serbian despot, Gjergj Branković. However, members of the Spani family with their contribution managed to leave trace’s not only in Drishtë but also beyond, as we have the case of Aleks Spani, and his descendant’s, who although immigrated to Venice, played an important role in social trends or flows of that time.

The tourist development of Greece began in the '50s to become one of the main sources of income, both nationally and locally, since many areas are the main source of tourism revenue. The concepts of sustainability and viability of this product and its operation, is being strongly marked recent decades in many conferences, notices, and scientific research. Greece established 30 Management Bodies to integrated management of protected areas belonging to this network. One of the main problems faced by operators in their pursuit of these objectives to be achieved is use of these areas by visitors, whose presence is particularly strong in coastal locations. Meanwhile, tourism trends in recent years have changed, resulting in more and more visitors are directed to areas that retain as much as possible intact their natural environment, which, as already mentioned, has contributed to the development of ecotourism. Comparatively, governments are pushing the parks to make more dynamic the tourism as a means of saving money to make them as independent, sustainable and self-reliant as possible. This results in the Protected Areas at risk of losing their authenticity if not properly managed the tourists from their managers. Others focus on the principles of sustainability and viability and others give concrete forms of tourism in this alternative formula, including for example ecotourism and agrotourism. The benefits anticipated from the influence on the existing tourism development, the development of better relations with local operators and those involved in the tourism sector and a holistic approach in terms of management of the protected area in the field of management. This paper investigates the profile of tourists in the National Marine Park of Alonissos, gets a swot analysis to identify the problems and benefits of the region and are proposed a number of items reference the ecotourism marketing.

This study was aimed at establishing the influence of entrepreneurial skills on the growth of women owned micro and small enterprises in Meru town. The target population consisted of all women owned micro and small enterprises in Meru town. These enterprises can be classified into four types namely, trade, service, manufacturing and processing. This data was obtained from the business registration register. The study used descriptive statistics and used self- administered questionnaires to collect data. Data analysis was done using descriptive and inferential statictics using SPSS version 22. The study found that entrepreneurial skills such as marketing skills, financial management skills, human management skills, organizing skills among others had very strong influence on the growth of MSEs owned by women. The multiple regression analysis showed that entrepreneurial skills has a strength of 0.829 and a correlation of correlation of 0.696.The study recommended that all means to be used to ensure women entrepreneurs have the necessary enterprise running skills such as marketing skills, financial management organizing skills human resource management skills.

This study assessed the extent of e-commerce usage for effective service delivery in Nigeria banking sector. Four research questions and four null hypotheses guided the study. Descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The study covered 64 microfinance banks in Oyo State, South-West, Nigeria. The population was made up of 1275 staffs from the 64 microfinance banks. The sample size consisted of 28 microfinance banks of which 280 staffs were purposively selected. A 28-item structured questionnaire was used as instrument for data collection. Four experts carried out the face and content validity of the instrument. The reliability was determined using Cronbach’s Alpha statistic Reliability Coefficient and reliability coefficient of 0.86 was obtained. The arithmetic mean and standard deviation were used to analyze data, answer research questions and determine the homogeneity or otherwise of the respondents’ means while ANOVA was used to test the null hypotheses at 0.05 level of significance. The findings revealed that microfinance banks in Oyo State have not use electronic payment cards as e-commerce delivery channels. They also use Internet marketing for product advertising and loan availability display; electronic fund transfer but have not been using it for online customers’ enlightment, online promotion of services and sending statements of account. It was recommended among other things, that management of microfinance banks should adopt most of the e-commerce delivery channel used by commercial banks in order to boost their standard of operation within the banking sector also, microfinance bank management should engage, encourage and sponsor their staff for re-training programmes to update their ICT knowledge, skills and competencies to effectively use the resources for quality customer service delivery.

This study aimed at investigating on how the current reward programme influence employees job performance at Nzoia Sugar Company Limited in Bungoma County. Specifically, it aimed at finding out which aspects of reward programme functions well and which aspects could be further developed and improved in order to increase employee job performance. The research specific objectives were; (i) to establish the influence of promotion on employee job performance at Nzoia Sugar Company Limited in Bungoma County; (ii) to establish how training influence employee job performance at Nzoia Sugar Company Limited in Bungoma County and (iii) to examine the influence of flexible work systems on employee work motivation at Nzoia Sugar Company Limited in Bungoma County. The target population was 252 employees of Nzoia Sugar Company Limited. The target population comes from different departments. The study sample size was 76 employees obtained through stratified random sampling method. The descriptive research design was used. The data was collected through questionnaires and interviews. The data was prepared and analyzed by descriptive statistics and inferential statistics through the aid SPSS. Data was presented in form of tables, pie charts, and bar charts. The study used correlation analysis to bring out the relationship between the variables under study. Promotion of employees showed the greatest influence on employees job performance as it indicated the highest mean of 35.5 and hence based on these findings the company should implement promotional rewards to realize increase increased productivity of the employees. Promotional rewards are ranked no. 1 among other promotional rewards. This study will be of  significance to the management of Nzoia Sugar Company limited in Bungoma County to revise reward program policies for the purpose of increasing employee job performance, the study will enable the researcher to make recommendations to Nzoia Sugar Company administrators in Bungoma County, policy makers especially Kenya Sugar Board and any public sector in formulating policies and strategies to be employed to improve employee job performance in institutions of sugar manufacturing industry. The study will also be a source of reference for researchers intending to carry out further research on the influence of reward programs on employee job performance at Nzoia Sugar Company limited in Bungoma County or any other institution.

The main purpose of the present study is, to investigate the recognition of psychological trauma in the preparatory stage of legislative research in Iran, with an emphasis on recent laws of the Islamic Republic of Iran, including: Islamic Penal Code, adopted in 2013, as well as the Code of Criminal Procedure of 2013. In this research, the author has tried to technically and expertly identify both the material and the spiritual aspects of psychological damage, and finally, by knowing and providing the appropriate criminal policy in the laws, it helps the process of rapid prosecution, investigation, and prosecution and  reveal the importance and the subject to avoid the prolongation of the judging process. The method of research is a library procedure. In light of the foregoing, it can be admitted that crime, the use of material sciences and the status of the detection of crimes in the preparatory phase of investigation, such as crime detection, crime proof, identification of offenders for the purpose of providing criminal justice, and the study of material grounds for crime prosecution through the works and documents obtained from crime scenes, such as the behavior and psychological states of individuals, have a particular value and is often somehow certain in the knowledge of the judge in proving the charge or removing the charges. In existing laws, especially the new Criminal Procedure Code, the importance of this issue is mentioned and, even in certain cases, the legislator has clarified with specific precision and obsession.

Recently self-efficacy studies focus on the educational context, with a particular focus on teacher profession. The main purpose of this study was to explore teachers’ self-efficacy beliefs with respect to age. All data were collected through Teachers’ Sense of Efficacy Scale (Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk-Hoy, 2001). Participants in this study were located in three cities in Albania. The analysis of data was based on the response of 850 teachers. In terms of the three subdimensions of the self- efficacy scale, the results indicated that with age increases even self-efficacy in student engagement, in instruction strategies and in classroom management.

Good governance is a precursor for effective electoral reforms in any democratic country. While the practice of democracy is often expected to yield the much needed effective governance, credibility of electoral systems have militated against translating democracy into good governance. The subject of electoral reforms has received sporadic attention, with need for more attention especially in Kenya. With the analysis of primary data obtained from purposively sampled respondents (lawyers, journalists and trainers) with extensive knowledge of recent electoral reforms in the Kenyan democracy, the paper examined the effectiveness of electoral reforms in promoting good governance in Kenya. It identified the availability and extent to which electoral reforms promote peaceful coexistence and good governance. The paper concluded that for electoral reforms to achieve an the expected outcome of good governance there is need for full implementation of electoral reforms, strengthening of the country’s democratic institutions and intensifying civic education on electoral  amongst the citizenry as a priority for good governance in Kenya.

The need for humanitarian intervention though critical continues to be elusive in many conflict situations despite there being clear international, regional and local guiding policies and legal frameworks on humanitarian intervention. The study therefore sought to critically analyses the successes, failures and challenges of humanitarian intervention as a conflict management tool using the just war theory as the underpinning theory. The study assumed the desktop methodology through extensive review of existing literature on humanitarian intervention as a conflict management tool. The analysis found that humanitarian intervention is justifiable in instances where there are gross human rights violations, however; certain factors must be put into consideration before embarking on the intervention. Successful interventions were found to largely dependent on multiple factors key among them being the involvement of stakeholders in the entire process. The study also revealed that not all interventions are successful and some have resulted in various degrees of failure largely due to challenges of timing, coordination, vested interests among interveners as well as geo-political factors. The paper concludes by recommending that humanitarian interventions should be based on the existing legal frameworks devoid of any strategic motives. Equally, interventions should involve key stakeholders and adopt context specific measures to cater for the different needs of a conflict situation to avert further human rights abuses.

Internet shopping has turned out to be increasingly prominent in Vietnam. In the previous couple of years, the normal spending per individual on web based shopping is expanding over half every year. An ever increasing number of individuals have picked this innovation to spare time, cash and other accommodation highlights. In any case, there are very few research identified with this field in Vietnam has been led. There are different inquires about directed concentrating on the variables affecting individuals aim to receive web based booking. In any case, there are very few inquiries about concentrate on the expectation to attempt internet booking. This expectation to attempt is vital since individuals prefer to attempt initially, at that point they will assess their trial encounter, thus, embrace or reject web based booking innovation. Therefore, this examination underscores on discovering factors that impact individual’s goal to attempt web based booking. The study has been created in light of serious survey of written works identified with web based booking; web based shopping, selection hypotheses, shopper practices. The polls have been disseminated and the information has been handled utilizing SEM-PLS to decide the connection between factors that impact Vietnamese expectation to attempt internet booking. Subsequently, this exploration is required to have critical commitment in both hypothesis and common sense. Regarding hypothesis, this examination effectively provided the model that show the expectation to attempt web based booking which is once in a while talked about in past investigates. In term of common sense, this examination gives a general bits of knowledge of Vietnamese online booker trademark for online travel organization working in Vietnam keeping in mind the end goal to enhance their business execution.

This study examines the impact of dividend on stock prices. The study adopts the ex-post facto research design and data were handpicked from the annual report and statement of account of selected banks listed on the Nigerian Stock Exchange for the period. The findings of this study support the opposite view that dividend yields do not have positive and significant impact on stock prices. This implies that stock prices tend to increase when an increase in dividend is announced but tend to decrease when a decrease or omission is announced.

Mining plays a key role in Zimbabwe’s economy, contributing 5% and 23% to the country’s gross domestic (GDP) and total exports, respectively. It also generates foreign currency and supplies raw materials to some industries. As a ‘robber’ industry, it extracts minerals from the earth without replacing them. It also creates deep shafts and ugly pits which damage the landscape. In addition it causes environmental pollution and is a threat to the tranquillity of the natural environment. Based on information that was collected in August 2017, this paper discusses various aspects of the mining industry. These include Zimbabwe’s mining legislation, environmental impacts of the mining industry at global level, in the SADC region and in Zimbabwe. Problems which confront the industry as well as their possible solutions in Zimbabwe are also examined. From a sustainable development (SD) point of view, mining poses a serious danger which should be addressed at both local and national levels. Since the early years of independence (1980-1984), several Zimbabwean mines have closed down either due to mineral depletion or dis-investment. Some of them have turned into ghost towns which have led to the decay of infrastructure. Little or nothing has been done to avert this crisis. Those mines which are still operational cause immense pollution to the natural environment thereby threatening SD at the national level. However, solutions to avert this crisis are hard to come by. Currently, there is a need to promote environmental education (EE) and education for sustainable development (ESD) at the national level. In this context, efforts should be directed at the establishment of EE centres throughout Zimbabwe as is the case in South Africa.

The inequalities in the spatial distribution of infrastructural facilities have led to exclusion, poverty and lopsidedness in sustainable development. This is worsened by lack of reliable spatial and local data to plan for development issues. This paper employs the benefits of Participatory Geographical Information System to data collection and analysis for decision making in Community Driven Development at Upperland community, Ado- Ekiti in Nigeria. The data used for the study were collected through Participatory Rural Appraisal - Stakeholders' Analysis, Focus Group Discussion, Transect Walk and Voting- while ArcGIS 10.2.2 software was used for analysis such buffering. The results showed that the community people have indigenous spatial knowledge that development planners can rely upon. The study concludes that to have a sustainable community development, planners should tap into motivation, desire, knowledge and networks of local communities.

In Côte d’Ivoire, the archaeological research conducted for more than 100 years have revealed a rich archaeological heritage that includes various furniture remains and an enormous real estate property that integrates into human and environmental landscapes specific to each type of sites. Since 2010 research on ancient iron metallurgy in Côte d’Ivoire allowed the discovery of various technical heritage, majority of which consists of real estate remains as mining, reduction furnaces, slag heaps etc. The promotion of this specific technical heritage requires close collaboration between archaeologists, museum professionals and other heritage specialists. The state of Côte d’Ivoire has decided to finance the promotion of important sites of the technical heritage of the iron metallurgy to contribute to its protection, local tourism through community development. The problem is based on the strategy to set up for the promotion of this heritage in situ, which differs from the usual methodology of museum approach.

This paper examines the perceived deprivations in the Niger Delta that have led to the demand for resource control in the Niger Delta region. The study relies mainly on secondary sources for its analysis. There is a reliance on existing literature in books, journals, newspapers and magazines. The piece identifies and historicizes the reasons for the persistent agitations for self-determination and resource control in the Niger Delta. It finds that the demand for resource control has been necessitated by the neglect and deprivation suffered by the people of the region. It is this neglect and deprivation that have crystallized and metamorphosed into the current resource control conflict that threatens to dismember the Nigerian state. It concludes that the agitations in the region cannot be explained only in terms of environmental conflict. The neglect over the years suffered by the people in terms of provision of infrastructural facilities and their socio-political marginalization are crucial in explaining the frequent eruptions in the Niger Delta.

In this study we were aimed to examination between attachment dimensions (attachment anxiety and attachment avoidance) and some demographics (age, working status, duration of marriage and the person helping the mother with childcare) in prediction of child rearing behaviours(inductive reasoning, punishment, obedience-demanding and warmth).  The sample consist of 230 mothers whose child in early childhood educational settings. “Personal Information Form”, “Experiences in Close Relationships Inventory II (ECRI II)”:”Child Rearing Questionnaire” were utilized to conduct to data. Data were analyzed using Pearson's product-moment correlation and hierarchical multiple regression analysis. Research findings revealed that attachment anxiety is the predictor of mothers’ obedience demanding and punishment behaviors besides, attachment avoidance is only predictor of mothers’ punishment behaviors. According to the results, it could be seen that attachment dimensions are an important predictor in terms of child rearing behaviors. The findings obtained from the study were discussed in the light of the related literature and some suggestions were made for future research.

The MoEST (2006) initiated the application of computer components in the instruction of Kiswahili writing skills so as to heighten the performance on the following Kiswahili writing aspects: communicate fluently in functional and creative compositions, apply diverse sentence structures proficiently, use correctly diverse components of paragraphs, punctuate their writing compositions appropriately and summarize the data in a required number of words correctly. Though, this has not been achieved as witnessed by learners’ poor learning achievements on Kiswahili writing achievements CATs over years among senior learners in learning institutions in Nakuru County, Kenya The objective of the Paper was to Find out the relationship between students taught Kiswahili writing skills using computer aided instruction and those students taught Kiswahili writing skills using traditional teaching methods on performance on Kiswahili writing achievements. This Paper used a causal-comparative design. 750 student participants were sampled from a study population of 12900 students. Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques were employed to sample the study participants. Students’ questionnaires were used to collect quantitative data. Piloting was pre-tested in three learning institutions to establish the validity and reliability of the study items in two weeks before the beginning of the actual research, whereby the research agreed that the research items were valid and reliable; the reliability of students’ questionnaires was calculated using Cronbach’s Alpha Formula. Students’ alpha coefficient resulted, an alpha of 0.74 which was regarded adequate for the research. Descriptive statistics such as means and standard deviations were used to analyze quantitative data while an independent T-test were used to test the hypothesis so as to establish out the differences between the two means on Kiswahili writing achievements between the two groups. Quantitative data was presented and interpreted using frequency tables, bar graphs and pie-charts. The research results found that computer components increased Kiswahili writing achievements. The t- test results found that there was a significant statistical difference in favour of the computer components group students, it was concluded that the employment of computer components in the teaching of Kiswahili writing skills heightened Kiswahili writing achievements.

Albanians are recognized as a very tolerant religious people. Despite having more than three basic religious beliefs (Muslim, Catholic, and Orthodox), no religious civil war has been recorded in this nation. Rather, they have co-existed together and have co-operated together for their national and state rights. Religious divisions were only religious diversity (a very important social culture and feature that a nation can have), but no obstacle to the common realization of national goals. Thus, religious tolerance has prevailed even in the Vilayet of Kosovo from the middle of the nineteenth century to the year 1912, when this vilayet was unjustly occupied by Serbs, and unjustly formalized at the Ambassadors Conference in London (December 1912 - August 1913). Known scholar Thomas W. Arnold states: "Albanians, Muslims and Christians speak a language, cultivate the same traditions, have the same attitudes and habits. Their common national cloak is so strong that there is no place for the religious divisions that have separated the people of this people." The religious tolerance of Albanians, built for thousands of years, has influenced today to be present, sustainable and enforceable. Thus, in the Muslim Albanian celebrations (the Greater (Lesser) Bajram), both the priests and the Catholic Albanians go and congratulate them on religious holidays. The same is true of Christian holidays (Christmas and Easter), whereby Muslim imams and Muslims go and congratulate their religious holidays. This is really more than a miracle.

Within the period of thirty-nine years, 1960-1999, the Nigerian military ruled the country for twenty nine years in a series of coups and counter coup. These coups brought one military government to replace another. These replacements did not convince anyone that the military was sincere to hand over power to the civilians, even when some military governments promised or began the process of transition. Ironsi government promised but was not even allowed to draw up a transition programme before it was overthrown. Another military, Gowon, promised to hand over government but later postponed indefinitely the transition programme. This shows lack of commitment and insincerity. Mohammed learnt a big lesson from Gowon's failure. He overthrew Gowon and started in earnest the process of transition, but again the Nigerian military over threw him and punctuated the transition. Obasanjo derived so many lessons from all of these occurrences and pursued with vigour his transition programme and handed over to a civil rule even though he was not sincere about transition. Again the military over threw the Shagari government. Buhari did not commit himself to hand over power before Babangida over threw him. Babangida tried to transform into civilian president. His attempt failed. But Abacha was not wise enough. After pushing out Shonekan, his attempt to transform into a civilian President was brought to an end by death. Abdulsalami like Obasanjo got the lesson and in a show of determination to prevent another coup, quickly proceeded with transition which brought into power Chief Olusegun Obasanjo as a civilian President under PDP. Thus, circumstances and not sincerity compelled Obasanjo and Abdulsalami to hand over power in 1979 and 1999 respectively.

This goal of this study is to assess the effect of inflation on industrial output in Nigeria using annual data from 1982 to 2015. The error correction model (ECM) was employed to estimate the short-run and long-run dynamics, while the Engel and Granger residual-based technique for cointegration was employed to test for long-run relationship. The Findings revealed that inflation, official exchange rate and real interest rate had negative effects on Nigeria’s industrial output. A unit change in inflation rate and real interest rates brought about 9.2% and 3.3% decline in industrial output respectively. When however the broad money supply increased by 1%, industrial sector value added increased by 23.7%. Growth in broad money supply was however found to have significant positive effect on industrial production over the period. Based on the ECM, the study found that the last period’s deviation from long-run equilibrium is corrected at the speed of 62.7% annually.

JEL: C22, E63, L60

Higher education is the instrument par excellence for development and there is the ultimate need to make it relevant and responsive to the needs of the society. A reliable and sufficient funding platform is a necessity for achieving access to and excellence in university education in Africa. Sources and systems of funding for Nigerian Universities have proven inadequate and innovative or alternative funding mechanisms have become very important more than ever before. This paper examines the funding debacle in Public and Private Universities in Nigeria. It presents the case study of Nigeria Higher Education Foundation (NHEF). Using the secondary data research methodology, it finds that private higher education is the fastest growing segment of higher education worldwide and African universities can as well be more active in getting funds from local institutions and global philanthropic support sources. It recommends, amongst others, the putting in place of a National University educational budget reform which gives unflinching priority to allocation of more funds and that actualizing the realization of suggested intensified creative financing strategies should be the responsibility of all major stakeholders of University education in Nigeria.

Parents are the ones who teach children how to get in touch with the inner and outer world. Mother is the interlocutor to the child's inner-emotional world, while father is considered as the interlocutor of the outside world. However, there is no cut-off in these processes, important elements of child development and transition among growing up and maturing steps. Imprisonment is considered by literature and studies developed as a factor that interferes in functional aspects of a family with multiple negative effects on the emotional and behavioral level, placing the child in an unforeseen, stressful, ambiguous and uncertain event related to their future. This study attempts to answer the question: "How do the children experience the father's imprisonment?" This is a qualitative study, with phenomenological methodologies. The instruments used are: hermeneutics, semi-structured interview and participant observation. The sample involved was n = 27 children of the age group 10-18, where 16 were female children and 11 males. Among the findings of this study are the lack of parenting and changing roles in the family, the problems in the school sphere versus co-perpetrators, the secrecy of imprisonment, self-isolation, guilt, mistrust of authority and the social system and lack of self-esteem. Among the limits of this study, we mention: lack of a control group and the involvement of two groups: those who have a parent in pre-trial and the group who has a parent in prison, small sample, the role of language and terms.

The paper will be dealt with Albania's stance on the demonstrations held in Kosovo in 1981, largely based on archival documents state that the Albanian Government, documents from the Archives of Kosovo, etc. There are archive documents in the archives of this site as valuable sources of historical handwriting, which help to make scientific analyzes and conclusions more reliable and more durable in the face of time and true historiographical criticism. From these documents seen numerous segments of the research of the general circumstances of the study in 1981. Based on the documents of these funds, the Republic of Albania have followed with great attention, all developments in Kosovo, and had obtained confidential data from all possible sources...! Therefore, we conclude that such a work of untreated until now (on the basis of the aforementioned documents), will be contributing part of historiography.

Conflict in marriage like any other institution is inevitable. Conflicts between married couple are normal and not necessarily disruptive. However, conflict becomes disruptive based on the way and manner it is handled. Marital harmony is crucial to every society. Inability to resolve marital conflict appropriately can lead to devastating consequences not only to the family and the society but also to a nation as a whole. This paper discussed conflict, conflict resolution and models of approaching conflict resolution. It also discussed marriage, marital conflict and their causes. Lastly, the paper examined Rational Emotive Behaviour Therapy (REBT) and how it can be used as a collaborative style in marital conflict resolution.

In the present time, the process of changes and variety of tools used in the flow of life is increasing every day. The pace of changes and transformation is such that none of human has no predicted such changes in the last century. Global competition and growing business in the East and the West have created a highly unstable environment for all businesses in developed and developing countries. In order to cope with this uncertainty and constant changes is strongly felt the need for people in the leader group. Researchers, experts, coaches, writers, and even leading practitioners have their own styles for specific styles and types of leadership. As a result, there are various types of leadership styles that suggest that the leadership area is still enriching. Based on this and based on the nine fold characteristics of modern leadership, one of the new concepts of leadership is "soft leadership".

Freedom of information is one of the fundamental human rights, the right of every citizen to express his or her opinion through the written and the spoken word. The technology of communication has revolutionized the spread of information, making it instantaneous and allowing it to reach an ever-widening public. Thus a new power is born, the power of global journalism and social media. This paper seeks to describe the role of global journalism and social media in applying both good political and corporate governance practices as well as identify some problems arising due to global journalism. There is no freedom without freedom of expression, and global journalism and social media should strive for the highest ideals of journalism: to denounce all forms of injustice.

In field of monitoring and evaluation, process monitoring is always essential. Process monitoring is necessary in order to ensure the quality and standards of activities. If the activities are not conducted as per standards, then talking about results will be like finding black cat in a dark room. Results are always based on the implementation and quality outputs and proper use of these outputs by the communities. Let suppose, in a project of food and nutrition security if any organization is distributing goats and M&E department has just counted the number of goats distributed against target. They have not monitored the process of distribution to answer the questions; “if the goats were healthy, if they were weighed and vaccinated at distribution point?” At the end of project evaluation report says that there was no any visible impact on nutrition of beneficiaries with the distribution of goats. The reader of the report will have first the impression that the project impact hypothesis was wrong; “distribution of goats is not helpful in improvement of food and nutrition security of rural communities”. However, there can be the possibility that few of the goats died just after distribution and/or few of the goats were over aged to reproduce further. If these could be the possibilities then question raises: where could be these reviewed? And the answer is, when the goats were distributed. To feel the importance of process monitoring, team of Deutsche Welthungerhilfe based at Sindh, Pakistan decided to develop most effective and qualitative tools for process monitoring. Two tools were developed and implemented through partners working in field. One was Field Learning Register (FLR) which is kept in the offices of partners and being used by everyone to write down their learnings during implementation of activities in field. Other tool was checklist for spot checks of activities which was being used online through Akvo-Flow software. Later, on that check list was replaced with Field Observation Schedule (FOS) now it is being used for process monitoring of different activities at the time of implementation. Field learning registers is helping to decide about implementation of project activities and refine the beneficiary criteria. Field observation schedule is helping to shape up the approach of managing and conducting project activities. Concept of field observation schedule was taken from the idea of observation schedule (Bell, 2010).

Questo documento mira a esplorare il rapporto tra media e sistema politico in un paese con una democrazia ancora giovane come l'Albania. Il rapporto tra media e politica ha assunto una nuova centralità nella nostra società in conseguenza dell'affermazione delle nuove tecnologie di comunicazione. L'importanza che la televisione ha assunto nella società ha profondamente modificato il modo di collegare la politica con il sistema informativo. La televisione e stato il mezzo che ha avuto un profondo effetto sulla scena politica albanese, sufficientemente per cambiare la società e la politica stessa. Pertanto, ha cambiato la società e la politica attraverso la sua capacità non solo di raggiungere milioni di cittadini e di elettori, ma anche quella di formare i pareri e le scelte di voto. Questa ricerca è stata condotta attraverso un approccio qualitativo con l'obiettivo di comprendere, attraverso l'analisi diachronica, l'evoluzione del sistema dei media in Albania e il suo impatto sul sistema politico.

The drylands of Kenya that comprise of Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASALs) make up about 80% of the total land area and are largely inhabited by agro and nomadic pastoralists. Despite the large area, their contribution to Gross Domestic Product is about 5%, mainly through livestock husbandry and dryland farming. These areas are characterized by among others; thermal stress, soil moisture deficiency, insecurity, competition over natural wherewithal and other low development indices. In addition, their physical infrastructure including roads, housing, health, education and telecommunication is wanting. The result is basically unimpressive development indicators for example poor social service provisioning. Despite the foregoing challenges, the productivity of drylands is far below its potential and resource exploitation especially by the local population is largely done from a pedestal of ignorance, leading to untold environmental degradation. One reason for the foregoing state of affairs is inappropriate planning and poor policy execution. Flowing from the foregoing, this study analyses the past dryland food policies and related blueprints, their achievements and pitfalls and finally argues for a paradigm shift in policy development and execution as part of the panacea for revitalizing dryland food security.

In the present society, consumers develop stereotypical ideologies on the services and products manufactured in a particular country. This paper examines the direct effect of patriotic advertising on consumer ethnocentrism. The paper gives a background on the concept of patriotic advertising and how it evokes feelings of nationalism and patriotism among consumers. The key findings of the paper illustrate that consumers are most vulnerable to patriotic advertising in the event of a national crisis. In addition, consumers were found to have stereotypical ideologies on the services and products based on their country they were manufactured. These findings confirm the need for local companies to exploit patriotic adverting as a means of promoting citizen consumerism and counter competition from international brands.

Trust, security, and privacy have been factors in many studies, were tested, and do significantly affect the adoption of virtual banking. However, studies with regards to customer perceive trust in relation to virtual banking adoption in Malaysia is limited. Due to low customers' adoption of the internet and mobile banking in Malaysia, this study was conducted to evaluate customers' perception of trusting internet and data security in adopting virtual banking. In this study, 402 samples were collected from local and foreign bank customers and were analyzed using SPSS and AMOS. Sample selection was based on convenience sampling technique, and quantitative method has been applied to evaluate the study objectives. Through the descriptive analysis and research findings, it has been evaluated that that customer perception on Privacy (Pr) does not significantly and positively influence virtual banking adoption in Malaysia.  And, the analysis in this study has also proven the hypothesis on Privacy (Pr) to be not valid. However, Privacy (Pr) is found significantly important in many studies. Further analysis showed weak agreement on customers perception with regards to their privacy protection in its' virtual banking platform. However, various study previous conducted have proven Privacy (Pr) to be significant in influencing adoption of virtual banking services. Therefore, perhaps Malaysian local banks should also focus on improving its' virtual banking strategy with regards to Privacy (Pr). The results obtained in this study are limited to questionnaires distributed within the Klang Valley. Future researchers may expand its boundary by taking a diverse sample and including qualitative approach.

This paper aims at identifying the elements of and impacting factors on succession planning at the academic and public libraries in the Mekong Delta, Vietnam. The research underpinned by transformational leadership theory used data from online survey of 172 participants from all thirteen public libraries and four selected academic libraries in the region. Twenty-three in-depth interviews of library leaders and managers of those libraries are conducted to get further information about emerging themes from the survey. Required elements of succession planning are indicated as an adequate talent pool, staff involvement, job descriptions, work performance assessments, and selection criteria. In the context of a country with only one leading Party such as Vietnam, the key impacting role is the Communist Party Committee. Other impacting factor on determining quality of successors is training programs. Impacting factors on leading and conducting succession planning are library leaders, general staff, and parent organization leaders. Furthermore, research also finds out some interesting correlations among variables of succession planning that contribute to the knowledge of library succession. This research provides potential successors with an awareness of challenges they may encounter to be promoted. This study also specifies evidence that candidates cannot automatically proceed to managerial positions without continuing efforts and self-improvement. Furthermore, the finding of the research contributes an assistance for library leaders in the process of selecting qualified staff for future managerial positions. Library leaders should consider these impacting factors because they affect the quality of successors and succession planning process. In addition, library leaders should pay attention to the correlations among age, qualification, position, and years of experience of employees with awareness of the existence of succession planning, the important role of succession planning, potential candidates, and promotion. These correlations should be considered because they also affect the quality of successors. The finding that general staff involvement helps to prevent library leaders from bias and demonstrate democracy and openness in succession planning is a new contribution to the literature. In addition, correlations among variables of succession planning are interesting and significant findings of the research. These correlations contribute to an understanding of factors in succession planning which has not been discussed in the literature so far.

In this short paper, the authors begin by giving a general definition of what behavior is. From a wide range of deeds, they select a few key terms such as reactions and responses, processes and operations to explain what they mean as these terms play an important role in our understanding of what behavior is. From the definition of behavior, the authors move on to introduce the six different types of behavioral profile that can be divided into two categories. The first is of sociogenic origin consisting of Level #1 BD-Behavioral Disadvantages (lowest level and least severe), Level #2 BD-Behavioral Differences, and Level #3 BD-Behavioral Dimensions. The second is of neuro-psychogenic origin consists of Level #4 BD-Behavioral Difficulties, Level #5 BD-Behavioral Disabilities, and Level #6 BD-Behavioral Disorders (highest level and most severe). The rationale behind this paper is to inform counselors, educational therapists, teachers as well as parents and interested readers regarding the importance of differentiating among and between the different types of challenging behavior by recognizing the six different levels of behavioral profile according to the increasing degree of severity of behavioral challenges. In this way, appropriate early treatments can be planned to help resolve behavioral challenging issues encountered in the first BD category when these behavioral problems are still at the lower levels of severity. For more serious challenging behavioral issues seen in the second BD category, the treatments for such severe to profound behavioral conditions will be more complicated and they involve medical professionals such as psychiatrists and pharmacists, especially when medication (e.g., Zoloft, Adderall and Concerta) is included as part of the treatment plan. Other allied healthcare professionals such as behavioral psychologists, behavioral therapists and educational therapists may be included to provide intensive behavioral management/modification.

Desde los albores del derecho de estado, la libertad de consciencia es uno de los derechos más fundamentales que tiene el hombre, puesto que se presupone que en ella se encierran la libertad y dignidad humana superiores al mismo estado. En el presente ensayo se busca reflexionar en torno al derecho de objeción y la bioética en la práctica de la medicina, y la forma en que están presentes aspectos como la Declaración Universal de los Derechos Humanos, la norma oficial mexicana 046 (NOM-046-SSA2-2005) y el propio derecho de Objeción de conciencia.



Since the dawn of rule of law, freedom of conscience is one of the fundamental rights of man. Also, the human liberty and human dignity are included above of the same State. Therefore, this essay seeks to reflect about the right of objection and bioethics in the medical practice, and the way in which aspects such as the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, Mexican Official Standard 046 (NOM-046- SSA2-2005) and the right to conscientious objection are present.

The meaning of the centurion’s remark in Mark 15:39 at the events of Jesus’ death on the cross remains hidden in the anarthrous predicate υἱὸς θεοῦ ἦν (hyios theou ēn). Understanding the phrase hyios theou is therefore the key to unravelling the meaning expressed by the statement. It is the crux interpretum of the text and in deed the essence of the crucifixion narrative in Mark. The phrase is traditionally translated as “the Son of God” to imply an acknowledgement by a Roman soldier of the unique messianic status of Jesus. The history of interpretations of this text equally reveals occasional scholarly doubts regarding the genuineness of the remark. This work sets out to interpret the anarthrous predicate with a view to shedding light on the meaning of the centurion’s remark. It uses the historical-critical method of exegesis and concludes that the phrase is to be understood qualitatively as implying the definiteness of an arthrous predicate. In the context of this interpretation the work understands the remark of the centurion as implying especially for Mark and the markan audience a Christological representation of the nature and role of Jesus as the unique Son of God.

Being in its totality constitutes the domain of philosophy. Truth and beauty are transcendental properties of being, and are convertible. Truth is the perception of beauty in the intellectual order, and Aristotle articulated the beauty inherent in this expression with the simplicity of genius itself, when he stated, at the beginning of the Book of the Metaphysics, that all men by nature desire to know. The material object which lies at the basis of all the fields of human knowledge is being. However, it is the formal object that distinguishes one field of knowledge from another, thereby giving each field of knowledge is own sphere of fundamental intelligibility. “The Place of Philosophy in the Interaction between Theology and Science” examines the sphere of fundamental intelligibility inherent in these different fields of knowledge, by raising the question of “theology” and the question of “science,” it pays attention to the interaction that exists and could exist between “theology” and “science,” and the challenges within the context of this interaction. The contention of this paper is that in the interaction between Theology and Science, a warfare paradigm characterized by conflict and antagonism need not be accepted as the paragon demonstrative of ideological innocence, rather, with greater analytical awareness, the “warfare model” in the relationship between theology and science must be superseded. The insight offered by the interaction between theology and philosophy in the understanding of the Logos, as the foundation of the universe gives further insight into the order of the universe and the logic of science. Wisdom is the greatest perfection of the intellect. It is the place of wisdom to provide order, very significantly therefore, it is important to examine the place of philosophy “as the love of wisdom,” in the exploration of the various degrees of eidetic perception and intellectual visualization in relation to different modes of knowledge, and the models of interaction between them. Each discipline has its specific methodological framework; therefore it is a disservice to truth and wisdom to confuse the distinctive methodological frameworks peculiar to different modes of knowledge. The goal is the achievement of creative insight in relation to new ideas in the interaction between these modes of knowledge and the advancement of human culture and development.

The interest in this study arose from the great attention currently being given to the role of co-operative enterprises in achieving the United Nation’s goals of reducing poverty, promoting gender equality, providing health care services and ensuring environmental sustainability. The study investigated co-operative enterprises’ strategic planning intentions and processes and their impact on the ecosystems, societies, and environments of the future. Although survey questionnaires were the main instrument for primary data collection, semi-structured follow-up interviews were also conducted to supplement the method. The study found out that co-operative enterprises integrate environmental and social policies in their business model thereby representing a fundamentally distinct type of the modern firm characterized by a governance structure that in addition to financial performance, accounts for the environmental and social impact. The study established that co-operative enterprises also seek to promote the fullest possible participation in the economic and social development of groups of people who have hitherto encountered economic difficulties within the existing economic infrastructure that is not able to provide them with opportunities. Seventy nine percent of the co-operatives enterprises surveyed rated their performance as either satisfactory.

JEL: E24, J24, O15

Welfare programs are concerned with the total wellbeing of employees both at work and at home. Non-monetary welfare programs in the workplace are offered by employers in the hope of winning the satisfaction index of an employee and hence increasing employee engagement and commitment, which equally translate to increased productivity, reduced turnover and enhanced employee loyalty. Several experts assert that non-monetary welfare programmes have long lasting effects on employee performance since they are intrinsic in nature. The objective of the study was to investigate the relationship between non-monetary welfare programmes like safety and health programmes and pension and retirement schemes with employee productivity among the non-teaching staff in institutions of higher learning in Kenya. The study adopted descriptive research design. The population comprised staff from five private universities in Nairobi County which have been in operation for ten years or more from which a sample of 30% was selected. Data was collected by use semi structured questionnaires. Data collected was analyzed using descriptive statistics: frequency, percentages, mean and standard deviation. Data was presented using tables and charts. The findings revealed that non-monetary welfare programmes have a significant relationship with performance. The study concludes that provision of employee welfare programs have positive impact on employee performance. The study recommends that organizations should learn and implement welfare programs in order to get the most out of the employees.

The modern border concept emerges from the Westphalian Peace. The sovereignty of the State over a territory is delimited by line of political division with territorial expression, which was accepted as indisputable until a few decades ago. Currently, the concept of state suffers two kinds of pressure. On the one hand, we are witnessing a process of affirmation of borders and their shield against the other (s) State (s) or migrations; on the other hand, an ongoing debordering process led both by the European Union and Organizations that have been formed because of economic objectives. Regardless of a bigger or smaller porosity, the border has always been a place for observing and meeting one another. After long periods of time, this interaction leads to the creation of hybrid cultures and complicities are generated by the trade/shopping or other social or political activities. The study of these phenomena has a long tradition in the geographical and sociological literature; however, from the end of the twentieth century, several authors, with different perspectives - structuralist, humanist or culturalist – have focused on the way we see ourselves and evaluate the other, the different one, who is our neighbor but who lives on the other side of the barrier. The Portugal / Spain border, the longest in Europe, has been the target of many works. Sidaway, Amante or Iva Pires have tried to evaluate the feeling of Raianos facing each other from socio-economic data or interviews. In this work, we assess the motivations for the commuting movement of borderer populations (from 400 surveys), essentially focused on cross-border shopping. We conducted 34 interviews with Portuguese and Spanish of a wide range of professions to comprehend the image we build of our neighbors. If trade and leisure/travel are responsible for the movements, the image that the Spanish form of us, Portuguese people, is much more flattering than the reverse. In a moment of rapprochement between populations, due to the elimination of barriers, knowledge of the image that people build of the other also becomes an extremely assertive and an acutely planning tool.

The success or failure of a community-based water management project can be influenced by level of community participation and ownership, training and education of the project leaders, governance structure of the project and basic management skills of leaders among other factors such as financial and technical support. The purpose of this study was to investigate factors influencing performance of community water projects in Tigania Central District, Meru County. The study adopted a descriptive survey design to collect primary data. The target population comprised 3880 people from which a sample of 388 respondents was purposively selected. The sample comprised management committee members and project members in 6 water projects. This study focused on six operational water projects from which 60 management committee members, 328 project members, which constitute the study sample size of 388 respondents. The research tools were questionnaires and interview schedules which were administered to randomly selected individuals in each sample category so as to collect both quantitative and qualitative data. The data was compiled, given codes and input into SPSS computer programme for statistical analysis and display. The results were displayed in tables and interpreted according to the objectives of the study. The study concluded that more rural people were involved in addressing their own development, confidence and the more the successful level associated with water projects for success. Recommendation is that Projects leaders and members should be trained on effective use of water taps to reduce the loss in quantity or quality of water as it flows from its source through water projects pipes for use to eventual disposal.

The interest in greater workers’ control of industry through co-operative enterprises has been fuelled by the extraordinary success of the Mondragon group of worker co-operatives in the Basque provinces of Spain. Efforts have consequently been made to replicate the Mondragon-style worker co-operatives in most western industrialized countries. This extraordinary success has been attributed to the worker co-operative model’s ability to promote and nurture social capital and asset-based capacities. This paper therefore examines how the worker co-operative model promotes and nurtures social capital and asset-based capacities. The study analyzes the nature of a worker co-operative as an organization model in search of credence to the assertion that these enterprises are inherently social-capital type organizations. The study concludes that a worker co-operative represents one of the best forms of a social-capital type enterprise. As membership based organizations, worker co-operatives’ main investment is on social capital. This paper also discusses how worker co-operatives promote asset-based capacities by building local assets and increasing economic stability for worker-owners and their communities. The study concludes that a worker co-operative’s model encourages and promotes the development and utilization of the resources that are embedded in local communities and their residents. As people exercise their capacities, they often find that they need the talents of others. This is the essence of worker co-operatives where individual members combine their own talents with the capacities of others to form co-operatives that can make extensive and valuable contributions to the members and their communities.

JEL: E24, J24, O15

Library associations are organisations where library and information workers come together to share knowledge and experiences and move the profession forward. They lay down standards for performance, provide a range of services to their users and are responsible for looking after their interests. This study investigated visibility of the Library and Information Association of Zambia with the view of ascertaining whether the association’s activities were having any positive impact on the Zambian society. The survey targeted Library and Information Science professionals who had gathered for an Annual General Conference from 18 to 21July, 2017. Adopting a survey research design, the study used questionnaires and interviews to elicit data from a sample of 82 information science practitioners. The Statistical Package for Social Science was used to analyse quantitative data while qualitative data was analysed using content analysis. The study established that visibility of the Library and Information Association of Zambia was poor and that the association had a mammoth task to try and raise its visibility. A non-visible association like LIAZ cannot effectively engage in advocacy with key stakeholders regarding the role of libraries in national development. Therefore, the findings in this study are useful for the purpose of raising visibility of national library associations in Africa and reposition them for advocacy. To try and reverse the negative trend of poor visibility, the study suggests that Librarians and other information providers in Zambia need to proactively publicise the association and the profession as well. The paper provides opportunities for other associations grappling with similar challenges to learn and improve their own activities. Findings add to the limited body of knowledge on visibility of library associations and the imperative of having strong library associations in Africa.

The government of Kenya abolished ranking among schools in the year 2014, which took effect from the year 2015. This was put in place in order to eliminate cut-throat competition among institutions and to end unethical practices by teachers in the rush for top positions. Abolition of ranking in West Pokot drew different reactions and perspectives from different stakeholders of education. The study examined stakeholders’ perception towards abolition of ranking on students and schools in national examination in Secondary schools in Kenya. The objectives of the study were; to determine stakeholders’ perception on ranking of schools, to determine how ranking of school affected students’ commitment to academic performance, the impact of secondary school ranking on the parental commitment on students’ academic matters and how ranking of schools influenced ministry of education officials and county officials’ commitment to academic activities. The research design adopted in this study was cross sectional descriptive survey. Cluster sampling (probability sampling) and non-probability (purposive sampling) techniques were adopted to determine sample size. Questionnaire and interview guides were employed in data collection. Descriptive statistics and inferential statistics (chi-square) were adopted for quantitative data analysis. Qualitative data were categorized and analysed according to themes. Theoretical framework was based and guided by Talcott Persons Structural Functionalism Theory. In the conceptual framework, the independent variable in this research is the stakeholders’ perception, while the dependent is the result of abolition. Findings from the study indicated that abolition of ranking had a lot of negative outcomes compared to positive effects and the decision be reverted for better results in our schools. The study concluded that, ranking motivates teachers to cover syllabus, change institutional practices, makes them focus their teaching activities towards examination neglecting other aspects of education but has no impact on their self-esteem. It also encourages completion among departments but can lead to unhealthy competition among different categories of schools. However, ranking leads to narrowing of curriculum and encourage malpractices in national examination. On students’ commitment on academic performance, ranking acts as motivating factor to performing students but might destroy morale to underperforming ones. Students however become less concerned with performance when ranking is abolished. Abolition of ranking influences parents to buy extra teaching and learning materials. It also impacts negatively on parental involvement on school academic programs but does not influence parental support for homework. Abolition of ranking impacts negatively on ministry of education officials’ commitment of academic matters at it affects their involvement in issues like resource allocations. The study recommends that; the decision of abolishing of ranking by government should be reverted or should be practiced by schools at different levels, it should also be done continuously throughout the academic year to get trends of performance and schools should provide psychological support to all students’ especially underperforming ones. Education stakeholders should define measures to curb malpractices in examination among students and students and not to just abolish ranking

In this paper, the authors have chosen to take a closer look at a socio-emotional behavioral condition known as Inappropriate Behavior or Feelings Disorder (IBFD) which is listed in the Educator’s Diagnostic Manual of Disabilities and Disorders (EDM; Pierangelo & Guiliani, 2007). The term (or IBFD for short) used in this diagnostic manual is not found anywhere in the current literature including the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM) and the International Classification of Diseases (ICD). According to the EDM, under the IDEA 2004 enactment, it is one of the criteria for the classification of Emotional Disturbance (ED): “inappropriate types of behavior or feelings under normal circumstances” (p.163), and it covers social, emotional, physical and psychological aspects of behavior or feelings. Hence, the term Inappropriate Behavior or Feelings Disorder is coined from this particular IDEA statement of criterion and, in turn, it is used only in the EDM multi-level coding system. The authors argued the need for educational therapists, special educators and counselors to reframe their current understanding of the IBFD, whose symptoms are similar to disruptive behavior disorders (DBD), within the context of the cognition-conation-affect-sensation (CCAS) framework as they continue to observe, record and evaluate the condition in terms of its core symptoms seen, measured and/or profiled before the diagnostic term IBFD is applied under the EDM code ED3.00.

The government has stepped up effort to offer attractive terms and conditions of service to its employees. It has also provided training and development opportunities, career progression, and an enabling environment to its employees to enable them offer services. However, their level of performance has not increased as expected. The objective of the study was to determine how working environment influences employee productivity among public primary school teachers in Imenti north sub county. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. This study was carried out in the 21 public primary schools in Imenti North Sub County, targeting the population of teachers’ service commission. The questionnaire was used to collect the data from the sample. It was also found that the employees would like to work in an organization where the working environment is friendly; they argued that they can work better and more effectively in such a working environment. The study also revealed that majority of the respondents would be satisfied if only the working environment was conducive. Therefore, the teachers’ service commission has to look for other ways of motivating its teachers by ensuring good working environment.

The objectives of research were to measure average of expectation level on service quality dimension, to measure perception average level on service quality dimension, and to identify the differences of average levels between expectation and perception on service quality dimension, 4) to measure gap services quality (The difference in average size of expectation and perception) on service quality dimension, 5) to identify the correlation or the link between expectation and perception on every dimension of service quality at Policlinic BPK RI, 6) also to identify the difference between the expectation average level and the perception average level in a range period of time.  This type of research is an analytic with cross sectional design. The subject of this research is patients at Policlinic BPK RI (n=96). Instrument research, SERVQUAL questioner which adopted from Parasuraman model with five dimensions, they are reliabilities, response force, warranty, empathy, physical evidence which all have been tested by several hospital researches and proven valid and reliable. The questioner used Likert scale with 7 levels; from the lowest level strongly disagree to the highest very agree with total 22 questions of that five dimensions mentioned earlier. The statistic test used is Paired Sample T test and Correlation test. Probability and significance > 0,05, therefore H0 accepted. If the Probability and significance < 0,05, then H0 denied. The researcher finally found that Mean of expectation (20,99), mean perception (18,94), shown there was a significant difference between expectation and perception in service quality dimension, with a thorough significance < 0,05, there was a correlation or link with quality service dimension comprehensively significance < 0,01. Furthermore, there was no considerable difference found on expectation and perception measurements in three different periods, significance >0,05. As the conclusion, there is a difference between expectation and perception on service quality dimension that results a gap service quality. There is a correlation or link in service quality dimensions, when a gap services quality occurs in one dimension, will affect the other services quality dimension. In addition, there was no significant difference when patients at Policlinic BPK RI value either expectation or perception in three different periods of time.

There has been a lot of rhetoric in the Southern African countries on the need to politically empower women although this has not really translated into substantial action. The current constitutions in Zimbabwe and South Africa do not provide any quota for women representation in politics. For example, women representation in the House of Assembly has fluctuated from one election year to the other since Zimbabwe attained independence in 1980. However, a new constitution appears to take critical steps towards enhancing gender equality in politics by proposing the allocation of 60 “affirmative action” seats for women for the first two terms after the new constitution is adopted. The 60 female MPs would add to the 210 parliamentary seats and the 88 senate seats that the country currently has. While this creates opportunities for more women to enter politics, the level of participation by the women proposed in the new Zimbabwean constitution still falls short of the benchmarks set by several local, regional and international policy frameworks that promote and support women’s extensive participation in politics. Thirty five years after the first multi-racial elections brought democracy to Zimbabwe ended the colonial government, the news media, as well as other social institutions, are still in the process of transformation. The news media have a particularly important role to play in a country where political participation is a new experience for many people. Media in Zimbabwe also faces the challenge of ensuring equal and fair representation of the entire population. Gender and media activists, in particular, have taken up the challenge of bringing about change in the media. This paper provides an overview of the current Zimbabwe media landscape with a particular focus on women in the media and politics. The first section presents background information about Zimbabwean women’s position in society.

A fundamental revolution in higher education is being sparked by the ubiquity of mobile devices used by students, faculty, and administrators. The opportunity is ripe for institutions, instructors, and instructional designers to take advantage of mobile technology to enhance the learning experience. To do this, we need to understand the power on tap, examine fundamental principles, review illustrative examples, and ultimately think through ways to improve the learner experience (Quinn, 2011). In spring 2009, HBS executive education launched a pilot program using iPod Touch mobile devices and a custom application called the “Mobile Nexus” to be used on campus during a six-week executive education program at Harvard Business School. For the first time, participants had real-time access to relevant, time-sensitive information and content from any location within the HBS wireless network (Gorman and others, 2010). Therefore, this paper will focus on methods of mobile learning, the application of mobile learning in higher education and how adult learners will benefit from m learning.

Public service is one of the important foundations of governments in delivering citizens' expectations. Public service, in order to provide citizens with the expectation of this requires the consideration of principles such as equality, compliance, continuity, rule of law, accountability, transparency, so that public officials, taking into account the above principles, perform public services and take unfair, improper decisions. And contrary to the public interest, this research, while explaining the concept of public service, examines the new principles governing it.

Due to the increasing demands made by citizens on the right to know the facts on one hand and the growing need of statesmen and elected political officials to gain citizens' trust and opinions, governments have been accountable for the use of public finances. In each government, the monitoring of revenue and expenditure is considered an absolute principle and the basis and monitoring systems are foreseen in the legal systems of different countries. In the legal system of Iran Supreme Audit Court  in Iran's Legal System, under the principles of Articles 54 and 55 of the Constitution, under the supervision of the Islamic Consultative Assembly Establishment and audit of all accounts of ministries, institutions, state-owned enterprises and other devices that use some amount of funds from the entire country, and report on the budget interchange of each year, including the expert opinions of the Court to the Islamic Consultative Assembly Surrenders Supreme Audit Court  for the purpose of carrying out its mission is to disclose, prosecute and prosecute, issue a judgment and enforce it and, in this respect, has a unique organization, including the prosecuting authority (the prosecutor's office) and the court of reference (advisory boards and appeal courts ). The existence of a quasi-judicial jurisdiction of the Court and the existence of review bodies along with the technical and audit sectors will result in closer communication and control over financial performance and the effectiveness of financial discipline and the prevention of diversion into legal standards. At the same time, this structure also has challenges that can be attributed to the multiple scrutinizes of the independent review of the Supreme Audit Court in other jurisdictional and regulatory systems, the issuance of sentences in parallel with other competent authorities, and the challenge with the validity of the closed case. To resolve these challenges, and to resolve the ambiguity of the process, it is necessary to amend the law of the Supreme Audit Court  this article will be reviewed by the Supreme Audit Court in the legal system of Iran.

After the death of King Dusan which resulted with the fall of Raska, the economically advanced cities in Kosova: Novobërda, Trepça, Prishtina, Prizreni, Peja etc., remained partially under the Slavic reign of Stefan Lazar and Gjergj Brankoviq, whereas the western cities remained under the reign of Albanian aristocratic families such as Balshaj and Dukagjini. After the successful campaigns of Ottomans in 1427-1428 and 1441, the territory of Kosova was conquered by the Ottomans. The successful Hungarian and Polish campaigns against the Ottomans in the Battle of Nish in 1443, managed to overthrow the Ottomans from the Balkans. However, after the Battle of Varna in November of 1444, the Ottomans regained reign on the territory of Kosova. Seeing that Gjergj Brankoviq resurfaced as an Ottoman ally during this time, the Ottomans acknowledged him the right to reign over a large part of the Kosovar territory, as a vassal. After the fall of Constantinople on the 19th of May 1453, Sultan Mehmet II in the spring of 1455 initiated a strong military operation, and managed to ultimately include a large part of the Balkans, including Kosova, under the Ottoman reign. In 1455, the Ottomans conquered: Novobërda, Trepça, Prishtina, Janjeva, Vuçitërna and Lipjan. After the conquest of Novobërda, Bellasica and Klina were conquered as well. Prizren was initially conquered in 1455, but thereafter an insurgency against the Turkish conquest erupted and as a result the Ottomans only managed to ultimately conquer it in 1459. The Turkish conquest of Peja as well as a large part of Dukagjini Plain occurred in 1462. After these events, Kosova fell under the Turkish reign which lasted until 1912.

On Saturday December 17, 2016, Tunisia celebrated the six year anniversary of the Jasmine Revolution which was sparked off by the self-immolation of Bouazizi that started in Sidi Bouzid, a small town in the center of the country. The revo¬lution in Tunisia led to a regional wave of uprisings spreading rapidly to Egypt, Algeria, Libya, Yemen, Jordan and Syria. For over half a century, Tunisia lived under a dictatorial re¬gime with a single powerful political party. The other par¬ties, allowed in-between, had no power, being restricted in their movements and actions and only served to make the world believe that Tunisia was indeed democratic, as daily reported by Ben Ali’s media. Since the independence of their country from colonial rule in 1956 Tunisia sustained major progress in relation to women’s access to health and education services and the labor market; maternal mortality and fertility rates were halved, girls’ enrolment in secondary school more than doubled and women were increasingly in paid employment. Moreover, despite the limited democratic space, the number of women in government grew significantly and women’s organizations began to play a role in shaping social and political transformation. This paper argues that women’s empowerment in Tunisia is largely rooted in the particular features of the elite post-independence bargain, early political choices regarding state–society relations and the associated policies in the areas  of education, health and labor, which increased women’s access to resources. It also highlights the interaction between changes in law, policies promoting gender equality and women’s capacity to mobilize. Women’s increasing individual and collective agency in both the public and private spheres explains the existence of opportunities to consolidate women’s empowerment in contemporary Tunisia. Cumulative change in different spheres has been mutually reinforcing, and may also have created resilience regarding potential reversals associated with the political changes brought about by the ‘Arab Spring’. Tunisia’s progress in women’s empowerment provides valuable lessons on how women can obtain access to new resources and the way in which politics and power, and the struggles, dynamics and contestation that these generate can be used to challenge gender and social power relations. It demonstrates the importance of locating political paths of change – such as processes of women’s empowerment – in the context of wider political settlements.

В статье рассматривается влияние интернет сети на эффективность работы турагенств как возможность размещения рекламы, поиска новых партнеров, презентации своей деятельности, и т.д., и как следствие увеличение турпотоков.  При помощи компьютерных программ (Microsoft Office Excel, SPSS) проведены анализ и оценка эффективности рекламной деятельности в сети на примере деятельности турагенства “Татев Т.Т.Т.” В результате исследования предложены рекомендации по улучшению и повышению эффективности работы турагенства.

 The impact of the Internet, productive work of tour agencies and possibilities of searching for new partnerships are explored in the article. With the help of computer programs (Microsoft Office Excel and SPSS) the effectiveness of internet advertising activities was analyzed and evaluated on the example of “Tatev T.T.T.” travel agency. During the study, practical suggestions were made in order to increase labor productivity of tour agencies.

Since the beginning of the 21st century, conventional industry has changed to a small industry based on knowledge economy. Entire industries have been replaced by industries based on computer systems, and the development of human capital that operates the entire economy of knowledge has become a precious tool for every country. This paper analyzes the effects of academic mobility on the knowledge economy and examines the great contribution of mobility to developing countries and the world.

The usefulness of Geographical Information System GIS, in the electric distribution network in some countries of the world is appreciated in the literatures. This is viewed among others in the capacity of the tool to solve the spatial planning problem of electric distribution network that is seemingly intractable. Similarly, its potentialities for production of accurate updated information database about any spatial feature make this system become imperative as panacea. Absence of adequate information database had been one of the major problems hindering effective electricity service delivery before and after privatisation in Nigeria. The aim of this paper is to highlight the GIS application as a solution to the poor electricity service delivery being experienced in the country. Objectively, the paper asserts the absence of inadequate electric facilities’ distribution information database and the need for a specific technique to stand in the gap from the literature. Content analysis of some authors contribution on this issue form the methodology adopted in this paper. Finally, the paper suggests the application of GIS method as a veritable tool to cure problem of spatial distribution network by mapping the consumers to corresponding electric facility network with reference to the transformer, pole, wire and cable, substation, feeder switches and auto circuit breaker. This would not only enhance availability of accurate information database but would guarantee proper control, easy monitoring, appropriate maintenance and eventual effective service delivery even under privatization.

The epicenter of every development discourse is for humanity--placing individuals firmly as the major concern for analysis and policy. With its economic and political implications which can frustrate development, Horizontal Inequalities (multi-dimensional inequalities among identity groups rather than individuals) is an important dimension of wellbeing and correcting Horizontal Inequalities should form a significant aspect of development policy design. People act according to perceived injustices and hence perceptions of Horizontal Inequalities affect the likelihood of conflict. This paper focuses on the group dimension of inequalities which seems to be ignored/ relegated but is a recurrent causative factor of ethnic conflicts in heterogeneous societies. It also explores the power and employment distribution amongst ethnic groups in Nigeria. The paper recommends mainstreaming the perspective of Horizontal inequalities in development cooperation in Nigeria vis-a-visa redefinition of ethnic/ regional make up; re-creation of local government areas based on population rather than land mass; adequate compensation for resource based areas; putting time line to the catchment area policy and achieving a representative bureaucracy through effective employment equity policies/programmes. These will help to close up the unequal gaps, reduce ethnic grievances and thus, promote stability and development.

Within the political arena of Iran, parties, media and political activities are passing through initial stages; yet, they get suddenly active during the presidential election campaign. Hence, a proper investigation into the dominant discourses during this time can tell a lot about the politics of the country. The present paper aims at conducting a critical discourse analysis on the antagonistic discourses of Hasan Roohani and Mohammad Bagher Ghalibaf to demonstrate how the former one’s discourse gets dominant and wins the election. The headlines of two supporting newspapers, Keyhan, supporting the fundamentalists, and Shargh, advocating the reformists, are analyzed as well to see how they try to back their candidates.

This study compares psychological symptoms and sexual tendencies in women with a history of mental disorders, women with physical and health problems. This research is a methodological, descriptive, and causal comparison, in terms of the fundamental purpose and in terms of collecting data in a field type. The statistical population of this study consisted of women with a history of mental disorders, having a physical and health condition in the year 95. In order to select a sample in this study, 30 samples from each of the women's communities were selected and 90 subjects were selected as research samples. The method of sampling in this research was targeted to healthy people, randomized and available for people with a history of mental disorders and physical illness. According to the research goals and types of variables, a tool was used to measure the variables. Based on library studies and web searches, the psychotic symptoms questionnaire (Takata & Washakata, the Holbert) Sexuality Scale and (OBQ-44) questionnaire were selected as the research tool. In order to distribute the questionnaires, the relevant clinics were coordinated, the questionnaires were distributed among the research samples, and the questionnaires were completed after the response. In order to test the statistical hypotheses after confirmation of the default, the normal distribution of data was done using one-way ANOVA tests and post-Tukey and T-test dance tests for comparing psychosomatic symptoms and sexual tendencies among the research samples. The results of the test of statistical hypotheses showed that psychological symptoms and sexual orientation in women with a history of mental disorders, women with physical illnesses and healthy women have a significant difference.

The purpose of this study was to investigate early childhood educators’ perceptions, attitudes and intentions towards the exploitation of principles of connectivism concerning their professional training. The sample of this study was 744 early childhood educators, both educators with gradual professional experience, as well as prospective educators (students). This study was conducted with survey methods and the data were collected by using a questionnaire, developed by the researcher, which was based on the theory of connectivism and was created for the purposes of this study only. At the end of the study was noted that there are generally positive attitudes and intentions, regarding connectivism, that coexist with a relative hesitation. Results indicated that significant differences do exist between early childhood educators and senior students regarding their New Technologies usage profile and work experience. The necessity for training early childhood educators was highlighted, so as they will be able to explore and exploit the potential of participatory web 2.0 to lifelong learning and professional development. Implications for further research were discussed.

Globally, corruption poses a major challenge because it is at the heart of all other crimes, serious or petty. Kenya’s commitment in the fight against corruption has severely been tested. In spite of many laws to address the scourge of corruption, the perception ratings have persistently remained high. While there is corruption in every sector, and in every nation as the Perception Corruption Indices indicates, land related corruption appear to have been given little focus by the media. We have a number of counties in Kenya where land adjudication has never been finalized since 1963 when the country attained independence. The reasons for this slow pace are probably a direct consequence of corruption. A review of literature on land related corruption indicates a paucity of studies on this sector in the country. However, there are many studies on corruption generally around the world. This desktop study set out to establish the types of land related corruption is covered by the media around the world. Findings indicate that the governance challenges in land administration are the same even though their magnitudes vary. The typology includes bribes for various services; malpractices extend to preparing parallel titles for registered and unregistered parcels and title issued outside the Government system among others. Other areas prone to corruption are transfer of property, valuations, buying and selling land, land registration, mutation, Surveying and land revenue officers. Land use planning divisions are amongst the very corrupt institutions. This study supports Borner, Brunetti, and Weder (1995) in calling for the restoration of watchdog journalism who argue that watchdog reporting is “potentially a highly effective mechanism of external control” against corruption. Secondly, given the power of the media to influence opinion, unless salience of land corruption is elevated, the public will not pick it as an issue for debate or least of all a matter of concern for policy makers to address. The study will make policy suggestions on how to deal with corruption in the land sector in Kenya by borrowing from those countries that have attempted

The debate on Afrocentrism and its place in the communication theorizing has not been settled. While few colonizing nations pursued a policy of assimilation of the colonized, language, and by extension culture is gained through habituation, there ought to have been a deliberate effort by the African intellectuals to propose other world views in addition to the Eurocentric view which had had already been codified. Afrocentricity, presented in the manner in which it has been so far appear to be rebellion against anything European. This should not be the case. In this article, I have established that there is a strong case to recognize that there are different worldviews which emanate from the diversity of human race and none is inferior or superior. The Afrocentricism paradigm is an invitation by and for scholars to begin to deconstruct cosmological, ontological, epistemological, axiological and aesthetic issues from an African orientation as opposed to seeing these issues in the Eurocentric manner in which they are packaged and presented to the academy. First, while agreeing Afrocentric paradigm is a metatheory and can be applied in any human inquiry, we are involved in from agriculture to mathematics as and when the paradigm gets fully developed, probably we need to rename it Afrological Theory to avoid the ‘centric’ tag which tend to be antagonistic or sees everything in binary opposition to that other. Secondly, in response to African-American unique position and experiences, I propose we isolate an African-American orientation or Afriamericentric tradition to capture their unique cosmological and epistemological views. Thirdly, since Ubuntu appear to cut across many African settings, it should be Africa’s contribution to humanity, and we should codify its tenets and develop into it into the Ubuntu theory or philosophy, an idea alluded to in Obonyo’s article or in the very least as an organizing framework from which many frames of Africa may be explored.

Today, all organizations are somehow exposed to developments in information technology (IT), and the effects of the information and communication technology (ICT) application in all areas of the supply chain, from relationships with suppliers to production and communication with customers, is obvious. In this survey, we study the effect of the use of information technology tools on the capabilities and performance of supply chain in the look of leather production companies in East Azerbaijan province. In this research, we are going to study supply chain communications systems, electronic data interchange, electronic mail, barcode and radio frequency identification in IT instruments and gadget collection; in field of supply chain capabilities, four aspects including the exchange of information, coordination, integration activities and the responsibility of supply chain; and in relation to performance of the supply chain, two performance variables, including sales and marketing performance and financial performance. The results show that based on the research process model, use of information technology (IT) tools have affected on supply chain capabilities and consequently, supply chain performance is also affected.

Public procurement is the acquisition of public goods and services from private sector. The main goal of public procurement is to achieving best value for money. In general, an efficient public procurement system enhances a government’s public welfare role. Competition is the key to ensuring governments and citizens get the maximum value of money in the process of public procurement. Public procurement requires a regulatory framework based on the principle of competition and that submits public spending to  the  adherence  of  competitive  procurement  methods’ and to  increase  the  efficiency  of  public  spending. This research establishes the effect of competition in the regulation of public procurement. The study recommends that Government, in order to optimize the value of money, should adopt draft principles of competition procurement policies that are compatible with procurement regulations.

Managing of drugs and substance abuse among students in secondary school is vital as one of the national goals of education in Kenya is to provide for the development of knowledge, skills and attitudes that will enhance acquisition of sound moral values and help children grow-up into self-disciplined, self-reliant and integrated citizens. The study assessed the strategies being used to manage drugs and substance abuse among students in secondary schools within Eldoret town and its environs. The study identified the types of drugs and substances commonly abused, the reasons and effects for abuse and the effectiveness of the strategies being used to manage the menace. The study was guided by the Social cognitive learning theory by Albert Bandura, which states that behavior is determined by the environment and a person’s thought processes and pattern of actions. The study utilized descriptive research design. The study adopted both probability and non-probability sampling techniques to determine sample size. The target population of the study comprised of principals, guidance counseling masters and teachers of Christian religious education. Stratified sampling technique was applied to get eight different schools from the area of study; purposive sampling was used to select eight Principals, eight teachers of Guidance and counseling and sixteen teachers of Christian Religious Education while two hundred and twenty form four students were randomly selected to participate in the study. Quantitative Data was collected by use of questionnaires, while interview schedules were employed for qualitative data. Descriptive statistics was utilized to analyze quantitative data; while qualitative data was classified into themes based on the objectives of the study. The results indicated that all the strategies used to manage drugs and substance abuse in secondary schools are effective to some degree and that a combination of various strategies is what is required to have a positive impact. There is need for all stakeholders to consistently review, support and apply different strategies to reduce drugs and substance abuse among the students in secondary schools in Kenya.

Throughout the history of mankind, preference and preservation of one's kin or kind has been evident, an up-close observation of this behaviour birthed such theories as kin selection, social identity theory, realistic group conflict theory and reciprocal altruism. The sense of ''weness'' and ''theyness'' has largely precipitated most devastating wars and conflicts that have besieged the world, though incompatible goals or scarce resources are usually fronted as responsible. Such wars and conflicts have been called by different names like racism, xenophobia, nationalism or ethnocentrism. The term xenophobia has particularly gained wide recognition most especially in the wake of South-Africa’s crisis in the past. Nigeria has equally experienced such conflicts in the past and still does, however the magnitude of the violence in Nigeria has been played down due to the term used to describe such violence; sometimes it is called prejudice or discrimination or sometimes ethnocentrism or hegemony. This paper makes the argument that the phenomenon of xenophobia exists in Nigeria, may be more common than we realise and also may be an adaptive mechanism employed by people for personal and group survival. Examples of xenophobic acts in Nigeria are discussed and theoretical explanations for their existence and perpetuation are addressed, together with recommendations of managing their occurrences.

India’s relation with UAE has flourished since the Federation of UAE in 1971 when trade was the primary source of their relation. From the very beginning, UAE has shown interest in maintaining relation with India as one of the growing and emerging economy throughout the world. India has also been trying to regain International power in whole West Asia which has resulted increasing number of visits of the ministers to UAE, Israel, Saudi Arabia, Palestine. Although, India has engaged with a number of West Asian Countries but established a significant strategic relation with UAE. Relation has further blossomed since the visit of Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi to UAE in 2014 and return visit of UAE’s crown Prince to India in 2016 and in 2017 on the occasion of Republic Day. During these visits, many agreements were signed related to security, defence, trade, investment, and infrastructure, combat terrorism as relation has moved towards strategic from bilateral. UAE has assumed chairmanship of India Ocean Naval Symposium (IONS) immediately after India; therefore, greater understanding was developed on the maritime issues as well. It is important to note that with shrinking markets in Europe and the USA, UAE is looking towards India for trade and investment. The aim of this paper is to highlight factors and interest of both countries to come closer in region as well in international arena.

The increase in participation in higher education in many countries in recent decades and the fact that more people participate in it has not led to a significant reduction in social inequalities. This is because widened access has been accompanied by a differentiated and stratified higher education sector. Students from more privileged socioeconomic backgrounds usually study in prestigious higher education institutions and departments which offer high labour market rewards. By contrast, working class students are overrepresented in lower status institutions and departments. In addition, working class students have lower completion rates than students from middle class backgrounds. In this paper, we examine whether these findings apply in the Greek higher education sector with its unique characteristics. We use official data to examine the relationship between students’ socioeconomic background and allocation in the different university departments. The research findings show that the Greek higher education sector is stratified by social class, since students with a father who is a higher education graduate or come from professional backgrounds usually attend prestigious university departments such as the Medical or the Law School. On the basis of the research findings, we argue that measures should be taken so that all students, regardless of socioeconomic background have educational qualifications that allow them to enroll at their preferred higher education departments, rather than those available to them due to their performance in university entrance examinations.

To remedy historic injustices against the Albanian borders and stop the violence and Serbian military repression against Kosovo Albanians, the delegates of Albania at the Paris Peace Conference of 1919-1920, demanded the revision of Albania's borders of 1913. They made efforts to include Kosovo and other Albanian territories within the Albanian state.  But even after the intense talks that took place in Paris and in its circumstances that resulted in the signing of the Peace Agreements in Versailles between States of Antante and other states of axis,  Kosovo at this peaceful conference was left in the framework of the newly formed Kingdom of Serb-Croat-Slovenia (MSKS). Whereas Albania an independent state was admitted to the borders of 1913.  As a consequence, Kosovo's economic situation began to weaken.

Today, the number of social networks in which communications are made is increasing rapidly, and most teenagers and adults, as part of everyday life, use the benefits of knowing others and introducing themselves to others from social networks such as Facebook, MySpace, LinkedIn, YouTube, Weblogs and Wikiquote. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of advertising on social networks on the marketing of sports services. Methodologically, this descriptive study was of correlational type and its statistical community was formed by active users in social sports networks. The statistical sample was available (from users who were active social sports networks). In this research, social networking was measured using the scale of Soleimani-Bashli and Talibi (2010) and marketing mix of sport services using Yaghoobi et al. (2011) scale. To test the research hypotheses, structural equation modeling was used. The results of the research showed that advertising in social networks has a positive and significant effect on marketing of sports services. As a result, the greater the amount of advertising on social networks, the more likely it is that customer satisfaction, attracting new customers, and increasing investment in sports services will increase. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to the aspect of advertising in these networks and to be taken into consideration in strategic strategies of sports providers.

Behavioral activation is the third wave of behavior treatment adopted to cure depression. It is a type of functional-analytical therapies based on psychological scheme regarding "behavior shift" suggested by Skinner . This scheme is generally assumed as analysis of behavior. This field accounts for a more general scope called analysis of clinical behavior. It also illuminates the most efficient methods of professionally applying analysis of behavior.

Araştırmada bireylerin duygusal zeka düzeylerinin, müzik gruplarındaki konser performanslarına etkisi ortaya konulmuştur. Bu araştırmanın probleminin çözümüne yönelik veriler analiz edilirken ilk aşamada "Hipotez Testi" kullanılmıştır. Hipotez testinin kullanılma amacı, duygusal zekâ düzeylerinin yüksek ya da düşük olmasına göre teknik başarı, müzikal başarı, grup içindeki rolünü gereğince yerine getirebilme başarısı değerlendirmelerinin fark gösterip göstermediğini test etmektir. İkinci aşamada başarı ölçekleri arasındaki ilişkinin yönünü ve gücünü belirlemek amacıyla Pearson Korelasyon Analizi yapılmıştır. Üçüncü aşamada ise değişkenler arasındaki sebep-sonuç ilişkisini ölçmek amacıyla basit doğrusal regresyon analizi yapılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda duygusal zekâ puanı ile hem müzikal başarı hem de müzik açısından grup içindeki rolünü gereğince yerine getirebilme başarısı arasında pozitif yönlü ilişki bulunmuştur. Duygusal zekâ puanı ile teknik başarı arasında çok zayıf ve ters yönlü ilişki mevcuttur. Duygusal zekâ en önemli etkiyi grup içindeki rolünü gereğince yerine getirebilme başarısı üzerinde yaratmaktadır. Bunu sırasıyla; müzikal başarı ve teknik başarı izlemektedir.





This research presents the effects of emotional intelligence levels of individuals to the preparatory works of musical bands and their concert performances. While analyzing the data aimed at the solutions to the problems of this research, hypothesis testing, Pearson Correlation analysis, simple linear regression analysis are performed. As a result of the research, there is a positive correlation between emotional intelligence scores and both musical success and the success for executing the tasks within the band as required. The relation between emotional intelligence score and technical success is reverse and very weak. Emotional Intelligence creates the most significant impact on the scores of the success for executing within a band as required. Then, musical success, technical success follow this respectively.

In this paper, we have tried to express the distinction of opinion of Ayatollah Khuei in terms of ways of confirming murder. In this regard, we have both tried to both specify the most well-known ways of confirming murder in addition to sentences and effects of such counts. In this regard, ayatollah Khuei has said: what results in retaliation is taking an equal innocent human's life intentionally. This definition not only points out the pillars of retaliation, but also points out its conditions as well. As an explanation of this expression, ayatollah Khuei says that by innocent it is meant that the life of the victim shouldn't have been taken. He further explains that in Islam, both the victim and the murderer are seen equal in terms of freedom of will. As you can see, religious, freedom and etc. are not considered as pillars of intentional murder. In this regard and with reliance on jurisprudential sources, most important ways of confirming a murder from the view of ayatollah Khuei have been investigated. These include: confession, testimony, swearing and judge's knowledge.

Organized Crimes are no longer confined to geographical jurisdictions or national boundaries; instead, they have become transnational problems. Such crimes have existed in different forms, but the contemporary patterns are more complex that they have been in history. Transnational Organized Crimes (TOCs) affect almost every country, and are promoted by various factors including globalization, poverty and unequal wealth distribution, technological innovations, corruption, inadequate governance, geographical location and many others. The study addresses the rising cases of TOC activities in India; the country is currently affected by various criminal activities which are transnational in nature. Such include smuggling, firearms trafficking, human and drug trafficking, prostitution, kidnapping and cybercrimes. Criminal networks are expanding and diversifying their activities. Thus TOCs impair the social and economic development. The study also discusses the impact of TOCs in different sectors of the country. The study further analyses the major challenges the government faces to deal with the problems and recommends how to weaken the criminal network in the country.

World over, a national curriculum that is contextually relevant to the evolving needs of a nation is highly regarded as one of the essential drivers of a country’s socio-economic development. Every nation therefore strives to ensure that its educational curriculum is in tandem with its developmental needs. The goal behind the commissioning of the Nziramasanga Presidential Commission of Inquiry into Education and Training (CIET) in 1998 was to come up with an educational curriculum that is relevant to the socio-economic challenges obtaining in Zimbabwe. The CIET Report of 1999 recommended a shift from a predominately theoretical curriculum to a hands-on curriculum that emphasizes the development of vocational technical skills. The CIET Report of 1999 got political approval and adoption 13 years later at a ZANU PF party conference in Chinhoyi (The Standard, 13/12/2013). The period 2014 to 2016 saw bureaucrats in the Ministry of Primary and Secondary Education (MoPSE) translating the CIET Report: 1999 into policy by designing the new curriculum and preparing the relevant teaching-learning inputs (Curriculum Framework for Primary and Secondary Education:2015-2022 / CFPSE, 2015-2022). According to the MoPSE, all the relevant preparations were done and schools were in a position to implement the new curriculum with effect from January 2017. On the contrary, some sectors of the Zimbabwean society like, the Progressive Teachers’ Union of Zimbabwe (PTUZ) were insinuating that schools were ill prepared for the implementation (News Day Zimbabwe: 09/01/17). The Dadaya High School (SDC) challenged the introduction of the new curriculum in the High Court alleging parents were not consulted and schools were not prepared (The Herald: 15/02/17). This background and the managerial principle that curriculum implementation should be closely monitored to ensure it remains on course (Ahmadi and Lukman, 2015) gave birth to this study.

L’essai-expérimental effectué dans une ferme traditionnelle sur un échantillon de cent vingt-cinq poussins (125) de souche Arbor Acres a donné les résultats qui ont été l’objet d’une discussion. Trois poussins sont morts sur l’ensemble des sujets mis en expérimentation; soit un taux de mortalité de 2,4%. Avec une consommation  moyenne hebdomadaire (CMH) égale à 324,09 grammes d’aliment et une consommation moyenne quotidienne (CMQ) de 46,29 grammes à la dernière semaine, on a obtenu un gain moyen hebdomadaire (GMH) de 2372,29 grammes (en poids) à la fin de l’élevage, soit 2,372 kg par poulet. Par ailleurs, le gain moyen quotidien (GMQ) au cours de la sixième semaine est égal à 81,35 grammes et celui obtenu à la fin de l’élevage est de 35 grammes. Tous les indices calculés, relatifs à la consommation hebdomadaire sont représentés par un histogramme qui montre l’évolution statistique du rapport des quantités d’aliment consommé au poids des sujets afin de définir l’efficacité de cette conversion en une production donnée par chaque poulet.
The experimental trial carried out on a traditional farm on a sample of one hundred and twenty-five chicks (125) of Arbor Acres strain gave the results that were discussed. Three chicks died on all subjects subjected to experimentation; a mortality rate of 2.4%.With an average weekly intake (MCH) of 324.09 grams of food and a daily average intake (CMQ) of 46.29 grams in the last week, an average weekly gain (GMH) of 2372.29 grams (By weight) at the end of the rearing, or 2,372 kg per chicken. In addition, the average daily gain (GMQ) in the sixth week is equal to 81.35 grams and that obtained at the end of the rearing is 35 grams. All calculated weekly consumption indices are represented by a histogram which shows the statistical change in the ratio of the amounts of feed consumed to the weight of the subjects in order to define the efficiency of this conversion in a production given by each chicken.

It is a growing phenomenon that journalists in Zimbabwe are blogging. Some journalists blog within the media outlet’s website, while some blogs in the public sites. This paper mainly discusses the limitation of blogs by analyzing the difference between newspaper blogs and writings on public blog platforms. I argue that the content of public blogs is markedly different from those published on newspaper blogs. This is because newspaper blogs are less individualistic and journalistic blogging on newspaper platforms is more strongly influenced by the organization to which they belong.

When it comes to stories (even fabrications) that reveal Africa as a dark continent, a continent of emptiness and of primitivism, one is likely to find milliards of documents proliferated by Europeans to continuously justify their overrule over the continent and its people. But when it comes to literature especially written by Europeans who have experienced Africa objectively that confesses the potential of its people and their knowledge base and how this knowledge base can inform European social existence, such hardly exists. In this paper my aim is to reveal some studies carried out by European missionaries in Cameroon which went out of the way to recommend that amidst the social crisis that plagued Europe, and the human values of traditional society in Africa, there was need for a paradigm shift from preaching the Christian gospel to Africans to preaching African social wisdom to the Europeans. I content that this position was contrary to Coloniality of power, being and knowledge which have guided Euro-African relations from the time of their early contact. That is why it has been consciously suppressed by the colonial archive.

The responses of government, public, researchers and professionals alike could have been boosted in need to tenaciously tackle residential neighborhood crime if there were enough research and publication on the diverse consequences of residential neighborhood crime. The main objective of this article is to critically evaluate the consequences of residential neighborhood crime. The research finding revealed a triangular nature of the consequences in that it burdens on the property and its environs; on government and its agencies and thirdly on the residents. This study believes that tackling residential neighborhood crime portends some benefits like the removal of fear of crime which will inferably boost residents’ health status towards efficiency of labour, boost housing investment, increase government revenue from property tax and in turn reduce public spending on crime control. All these efforts would translate to environmental sustainability.

There appears to be a constantly incontrovertible, yet delicately inseparable cord, between land resource as an all-time invaluable asset, and meaningful socio-economic growth and development. Much as this assertion holds, what enigmatically remains almost unsolvable is the seeming unending mystery that surrounds ‘wilful’ prevention of access to this very non-substitutable resource, in spite of its tangentiality to virtually all endeavours, around which the survival of all human beings revolves. Thence, it is compellingly tempting to reason that, some ‘unseen’ factors are decidedly making the delivery and accessibility of land, especially within urban milieu, extremely difficult, so much that, enviable growth and development might be so perennially elusive, particularly to the poor segment of the populace, which unfortunately forms the largest proportion of any country’s citizenry, Nigeria inclusive. Although, the trend facades itself to be solely caused by economic and other attendant pecuniary factors, but as all the economically-defined strategies seem not too effective over the years, to finally nail several challenges associated with formal land delivery and accessibility; it behoves upon researchers and policy-makers alike, to look beyond the ordinary. Hence, the demystification exercise such as this, which is geared towards unravelling this mystery, reveals more factors that are indeed non-pecuniary, this is the crux of this study. Therefore, this study, which is part of a doctoral research, pre-empirically via literature reviews and two pilot surveys, generated those not-so-suspected non-pecuniary factors that are considered as retardants to the formal delivery and accessibility of urban lands in Nigeria. These retardants are then catalogued and coined into one major determinant variable, which is called policy development and compliance engineering (PDCE) for ease of empirical exercise that was to follow later, as well as for the understanding by all would-be stakeholders. This major determinant variable is then being measured by other three latent constructs, which are calibrated to encompass some integral items of questions as their evaluative components; these constructs are named policy relevance and appropriateness (PRA), contents and context of policies (CCP) and role mediation regime (RMR). Hence, out of the total of 2408 respondents as total sample space, 850 respondents were qualified as the sample frame, from where a total of 450 respondents were considered for the sample size, upon which well structure questionnaires of 5point Likert scale type were administered among career land officers and tenured land regulators in the MDAs, independent land consultants and NGOs with shelter mandate, as well as various categories of land users and developers. After through normality and reliability tests on the 427 retrieved questionnaires, only 11 were considered invalid and thus rejected. Therefore, the remaining 416 questionnaires that were valid went through AMOS’ version 18 software for Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analyses. The results showed amongst other things that among the three major constituting retardants of formal land delivery and accessibility, contents and context of policies has the highest regression via its estimate of 0.26 with critical ratio of 4.86, which thus makes it to be the greatest among the policy development and compliance engineering constructs, as contributor of retardation upon the propensity of formal lands’ regulo-administrative machineries to efficiently deliver lands for optimum accessibility by the land users and developers. Among other recommendations to address this pathetic scenario, are that the government should strive and ‘nigerianise’ all or very many important provisions of all the relevant land policy instruments, etc.

The delinquency basically includes of trivial crimes and because children and teenagers usually commit these kinds of crimes so it's better to use the word delinquency instead of criminality. The root survey of children and teenagers' matters such as their delinquency is essential to obtain an ideal society. The children and teenagers' delinquency is one of today problems in this age category as well as leading to the losses and damages for both victims and society. One of the most important social institutions which has a basic role in controlling and preventing the children and teenagers' delinquency is the family institution. One of the most important roles of this institution is controlling and monitoring role. This function has an abundant importance regarding to the sensitivity of childhood and adolescence. If the controlling role of the family got distorted and can't apply an appropriate control on children and teenagers, the risk of orienting to the children and teenagers' delinquency will be increased. The teaching and training policies are considered in this level to prevent from committing a crime (or delinquency). The suitable education system is one of the main bases in preventing from delinquency and preventive measures and steps is more executive rather than legal aspect, therefore, most of the counties assign and delegate the delinquency prevention to the executive institutions so that these institution can achieve to a successful conclusion in this field having the suitable abilities and facilities. Hence, adopting the preventative solutions has a special importance before and after explaining the children's delinquency and victimization in the framework of educational and training policymaking that this orientation is discussed in this study. Children and teenagers commit a crime though modeling and replication themselves with the media characters without considering their fictitious nature. Also, it gives the required power and ability to those who due to the social, psychological and mental reasons are capable of committing a crime and delinquency. In order to prevent from this matter, a correct method should be followed in families and Medias so that the effect of these kinds of behaviors reduced. This research survey the social factors (emphasizing on family and media) on children and teenagers' delinquency using analytical-descriptive method and library studies and illustrates the properties of this disorder. The achieved results of the study proof the direct relationship of children and teenagers' delinquency in case of disorder in family and media approach and their lack of notifying the harmful programs and exported messages from the media and conflicts and family problems.

This study compared the obsessive beliefs and eroticism (or sexual orientation) in women with the history of abortion, healthy and cold nature women. In the terms of method, this study is descriptive from causal-comparative type; and in the terms of fundamental purpose and data collection is a field study. The statistic society of the study was consisted from women with abortion history in 2017. For sample selection in this study, 30 sample persons from women communities with abortion history, 30 persons of healthy people and 30 persons of cold nature people (or women) were selected as study samples. The sampling method for women with abortion history was through the purposeful sampling; and random for healthy women. According to the research objectives and variable types, the appropriate instrumental question to measure the variables was identified. According to the library studies and internet searches, the questionnaire of standard obsessive beliefs (QBQ-44) was chosen as study tool. For questionnaires distribution, the required coordination was taken place with related clinics and by their cooperation, the questionnaires were distributed among the study samples and they were completed after responding. In order to test the statistic assumption after confirming the pre-assumption of data distribution normality, One-way variance analysis of tests and Tukey and Dunnett's post-hoc tests for comparing the obsessive beliefs and eroticism between the samples were used. The results of statistic assumptions testing showed, the obsessive beliefs and its components and Psychotic symptoms of eroticism in women with abortion history have meaningful difference.

The current financial crisis, which has engulfed East Asia since July 1997 and has subsequently spread to Russia and Brazil, is one of the most pressing challenges facing countries and businesses in today's global business environment. Development represents the structural making of the world characterized by the free flow of technology and human resources across national boundaries as well as the spread of Information Technology (IT) and mass media presenting an ever-changing and competitive business environment. Two major limitations are observed in the treatment of the twin issues of the responses to the East Asian economic crisis and the coverage of the literature on Development. While the response to the crisis has focused on macroeconomic aspects, the issue of Development has been addressed predominantly in and with respect to the developed economies of Western Europe, North America and Japan. This paper is an attempt to address these two limitations. Since the human factor is the key in the new era of Development, the primary objective of this paper is to present a conceptual framework for effective management of human resources as a response to the growing interaction of Development and business performance. Three central arguments are made in this paper. (1) That a growing body of evidence converge to suggest that changes taking place in the global business environment often are not accompanied by complementary changes in human resource management practices leading to a situation whereby the failure of some firms is due to the mismanagement of people rather than to problems with technical systems per se. (2) That this is because organizations have achieved relatively low levels effectiveness in implementing Strategic Human Resource Management (SHRM) practices especially in emerging economies of South East Asia and other developing countries like Nigeria that are exposed to the challenges and opportunities of Development. (3) That in order to manage employees for competitive edge in a period of Development, human resource personnel must possess competencies relevant for implementing such strategic HRM policies and practices. Guided by theoretical perspectives such as the firm’s resource-based theory of competitive advantage and empirical evidence, this paper develop propositions draws implications for the strategic management of human resources to prepare organizations for the challenges of Development.

The purpose of the current study was to generate an organizational commitment model for employees of Mapna MD2 Co. base on psychological capital and work ethic. All Mapna MD2 Co. headquarter office employees (300 people) in Tehran had formed the intended statistical society. According to Grassi and Morgan table, the sample of research was considered as 169 people who have been selected accidentally and were divided to 35 women and 134 men due to the number of staff in the office. The Luthans and colleagues' psychological capital questionnaire (2007), Allen and Meyer's organizational commitment questionnaire (1993) and Gregory and Patti's standard work ethic questionnaire (1990) have been use for data collection. The results show that there is a significant relationship between psychological capital and its dimensions with work ethic, organization commitment and their dimensions as well, work ethic and its dimensions with organizational commitment. Furthermore, The results of structural equation modeling (SEM) show that the psychological capital either directly or through work ethic variable mediator have affected organizational commitments of Mapna MD2 Co employees. With respect to the research results, the Mapna MD2 Co. management has been suggested to boost the psychological capital, work ethic and their dimensions in order to increase the employees' organizational commitment.

The purpose of conducting this study was to compare the obsessive Beliefs and psychosomatic symptoms in healthy and with abortion history women of Bojnoord. The statistic society of study was consisted of women with abortion history and also all healthy women of Bojnoord that have referred to Imam Ali Hospital in Bojnoord for treatment in 2016. The sample size of current study has been consisted of 30 women with abortion history and 30 healthy women. The sampling method for women with abortion history was through the purposeful sampling; and random for healthy women. For data collection, the questionnaire OBQ obsessive thoughts and psychosomatic symptoms of Takata and Sakata (2004) were used. The results showed that there is a meaningful (or significant) difference between the variables of psychosomatic symptoms and obsessive beliefs and general components, the importance and control of thoughts and responsibility and evaluation of risk and threat from obsessive beliefs variable among the healthy and with abortion history women, but there isn’t any difference between the components of perfectionism and certainty in completely conducting different matters from obsessive beliefs among the healthy and with abortion history women.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of cooperative learning on students' self-esteem. The research method was causal-comparative. The study population consisted of all female students (3450 people) in secondary schools of Sanandaj city that who were studying in the schools of this city at the academic year 2015-2016. According to the study was quasi-experimental studies, students were classified into two distinct groups trained and untrained 25 people. These students were selected by using stratified cluster random sampling. To collect the data, first 5 lessons were trained (religious life, social studies, English, science, mathematics) by used cooperative learning methods for 10 weeks. Then, data were collected by using standard questionnaire esteem of Rozengerg (1965) and the average score of students before and after the implementation of cooperative learning methods. Validity and reliability has been confirmed in several preceding studies. After data collection, independent t tests were used to test the research hypotheses. It should be noted that all the statistical analysis and confidence was fulfillment by using SPSS software version 22 in error level 0.05. The results of the analysis of findings showed that the cooperative learning has a significant impact on students' self-esteem. In general, skill teachers are used of group processes to enhance students' self- esteem. One of these processes is celebrating of unison the gathering and students' constructor interaction together within class that is known as cooperative learning.

This paper seeks to examine the Politics of Beijing Consensus in Africa. When the wind of change blew across Africa in the 1960s, it heralded the epoch of political independence. This was after many decades of colonial- imperialist exploitation and disarticulation of pre-capitalist social institutions. It was believed that with the unrivalled endowment of the continent in human and material resources, the new political reality will unmistakably usher in an era of sustainable development. Unfortunately, five decades after independence, the continent is yet to rise beyond its inhibiting crises. The aftermath is that by the twenty-first century, Africa has become a development failure. This reality necessitated the need and clamour for the Beijing Consensus as a paradigm for development, and the rejection of the Washington consensus. In carrying out this qualitative research, our sources of data collection included the primary and secondary sources. These include interviews, literature review, official government reports, and newspapers. It was discovered that most African leaders are addicted to the Beijing Consensus because of its non-stringent conditions for loans, and ready to carry out development projects without ideological discrimination. We, therefore, recommend that in accepting the Beijing Consensus, African leaders must ensure that the partnership would ensure a development-oriented policy that would reduce the social frustrations of the people, reduce social inequality, eliminate the incidence of graft and protect human rights.

Comparative effect of rural road transportation on cassava production among rural farmers in Abia State was conducted in Abia State, Nigeria. A sample size of 144 respondents was realized, using multi-stage purposive and randomized methods. Data generated using questionnaire and participant observations were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Result revealed mean ages of 31.9, 32.7 and 33.1 years for Ohafia, Umuahia, and Aba Zones respectively. About 88.3, 70.8, and 87.5 % respectively of the respondents were married and 58.3, 37.5, and 54.2 % respectively were males. A mean farm- size of 1.87, 0.9, and 1.25 hectares respectively were recorded in the three zones. A monthly mean income of ₦30,208.33, ₦23,645.80, and ₦30,687.50 respectively were also recorded in the three Zones. Result equally revealed that trekking (100%) pick – up van (73.6 %), motor cycle (72.2%), cycling (66.7%), and bus (56.6%) respectively were the dominant modes of rural road transportation. Rural road transportation affected cassava production via sales of produce (2.40), ranked 1st. total income (2.33) ranked 2nd, storage (2.30) ranked 3rd, quality of produce (2.15) ranked 4th, and harvesting (2.13) ranked 5th respectively. H01 is accepted since ZTAB (-418) > ZCal (-0.0324), therefore, there was significant difference between the modes of rural road transportation in the three Zones. H02 was rejected since Гs = 0.928 which implies that there was significant relationship between the three Zones. The study concludes that rural road transportation affected cassava production negatively when the roads are poor and modes of transportation slow and positively when the roads are good and modes of transport fast. The study recommends the re–introduction of Directorate of Rural Roads and Infrastructural (DIFFRR) as was the case in the 80s this will ensure the maintenance of rural roads and the evacuation of agricultural produce mostly in the study area.

Human Trafficking is a pervasive phenomenon which has increased in recent decades. Human Trafficking, in particular that of women, is ranked as the first three profitable businesses, after drug and weapons trafficking. Human society is familiar with the phenomenon of human trafficking and its exploitation in various forms throughout time. Given that human trafficking was spread very fast and was considered a major problem, most states quickly began to undertake immediate measures to respond to this threat. To create a contemporary penal procedural legislation which may answer the demands of the time, our drafters of the Criminal Procedural Code are set on a considerable extent in the Italian criminal procedural legislation. Therefore, the aim of this study is to achieve a critical analysis of the Albanian legislation on the phenomenon of trafficking in human beings also to compare it with the Italian penal legislation.

The family is the foundation of society. Without it, there would be no development, prosperity and continuity of life. The influence of family affects our life including the development of gender roles in children aged 3-7 years. Family Education is the basis of any subsequent education, because personality and personal identity is formed there. Family also plays an important role in the socialization of gender roles in the ways they organize the environment for the child. This study aims to address the impact of the nuclear family, on the formation of the concept of gender roles as well as gender discrimination for boys and girls aged 3-7 years. We have used the qualitive method, through which we aim to highlight how do parents with their behavior influence the formation of gender roles, by including each other in activities of daily life and engagement in the division of housework. The purpose of this study is to explore the impact of the nuclear family in the formation of gender identity in children aged 3-7 years old in Albanian society. The study was conducted in the city of Elbasan. The findings of this study were identified from the viewpoint of couples who have children of both sexes. From data analysis, we have concluded that the nuclear family has great influence on the formation of gender roles of boys and girls aged 3-7 years. Men were seen as more focused and directed in the public area, while women in the private sphere. The impacts in the formation of gender roles were seen from the difference in colors, toys and children activities - activities for boys and activities for girls.

This research work aim to accomplish an empirical study on the Employment Generation Program for the Poorest (EGPP) scheme of Bangladesh. The objective of this study is to find out whether the EGPP program is promoting the livelihood of the poor people or it remains the same as before. A quantitative approach is applied here as research methods, where data is collected from the primary sources through interview technique and KII. The findings reveal that the purchase power of EGPP beneficiaries has significantly changed and food intake frequency has been increased. It is found that before involvement in EGPP 67.5% of interviewees could manage to have meal twice in a day and 25% could have once in a day. After participation in EGPP the scenario has changed; the percentage of people those could manage to have meal once in a day has gone off and people who could have meal twice in a day reduced to 7.5% but sudden change due to increase of purchase capability above 92.5% people are able to have meal three times in a day. A significant improvement is also found in the case of items of food intake, diversification in food items, quality of food intake, quantity of food intake. Besides, it revealed that social status or social acceptance of the poor peoples of the EGPP recipients elevated. Most of the respondents opined positively regarding the improvement of employment scope in the lean season through EGPP program.

The neighborhood is the main base of urban body and the future of social life balance in the cities has much dependence to keep the unit of the neighborhood. It is the neighborhoods that make pleasant living in the large cities. During 20th century using the idea of residential neighborhood has been based for so many modern urban development theories and this idea has been welcomed to deal with various urban problems such as management issues, social and human relationships, health and welfare problems and also semantic and identity dimensions. Sardasht city is facing with various dilemmas regarding optimal management of spatial organization of the city. And the present approach in its major and centralized management has not led to sustainable urban development due to the lack relying on local building, public participation, and sustainable systems of local ecologic and thus meets the real needs of residents. Therefore, development of urban neighborhoods has known as the pilot point of developing sustainable management of the city. This study is focusing on this goal and testing the modern approach of sustainable neighborhood-oriented in the system of modern urban management in the Shabake 2 district. The method of the research is applied-development and the survey method is a way to doing it .statistical population of this research consists of all residents of Shabake 2 district of Sardasht which among Shirko Ahmadi, Rezgar Hamzeh pour, Mehdi Ehsasikhah ASSESSMENT AND ANALYSIS OF THE SUSTAINABLE NEIGHBORHOODS IN THE URBAN SETTLEMENTS-CASE STUDY: SHABAKE 2 NEIGHBORHOOD OF SARDASHT CITY, IRAN European Journal of Social Sciences Studies-Volume 2 │ Issue 3 │ 2017 28 them 320 persons selected as random sampling for statistical sample. The data has analyzed by SPSS software. Results indicate that the value of sustainability of the neighborhood in terms of residents is in the moderate level. Also, findings of research indicate that there is difference among various places of this neighborhood in terms of sustainability. According to findings of research seems that the most important implementation strategy for sustainability is applying coordinated organizing strategies and empowering the neighborhood at the national-regional and local level.

Since the dawn of time, women generally have had fewer legal rights and status in society than their male counterparts. The continuous subordination and suppression of women are further aggravated by traditions, cultural beliefs and religions of most societies which favor patriarchy. Using the radical feminist approach, the present paper attempts an exploration of patriarchy as an aspect of culture which helps to subordinate women as highlighted in Nawal El Saadawi's A Woman at Point Zero (1983), Buchi Emecheta's The Joys of Motherhood (1979), and Amma Darko's Beyond the Horizon (1995). It also examines the steps taken by the women to free themselves from the ‚chains‛ of male domination and oppression. The study revealed that cultural practices such as polygamy, female genital mutilation and sexual abuse facilitate the abuse, subjugation and oppression of women in the novels under study. The study has implications for the theory of feminism and literary criticisms.

The work, at the present era, is an inseparable part of human life. Every day, people spend much of their time in organizations. Unlimited pressures and demands of the organization forced the people to keep working constantly which may increase the probability formation of addiction to work with them, which this may leave behind the positive and negative effects in the related organization. Thus, the purpose of this research is to investigate the amount of work addiction among municipality employees of Piranshahr city that is done with descriptive-survey method. The statistical population consists of the employees of Piranshahr city municipality, their number was 55 people. To collect data, work addiction questionnaire of Spence and Robbins (1992), which contains 20 questions, was used. Its validity was confirmed by experts in the management field. The reliability was obtained 0.88 by Cronbach's alpha. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics, as well as one-sample t-test was used. Results indicated that job involvement, passion for work and pleasure from work have a positive and meaningful impact on the municipality employees of Piranshahr city (p=0.01).

The ritual in its context and indeed the magical one is approached as " text " and " speech " and its readings/hearings are extremely interesting. The female, spoken, magic words as well as the body language often shape or deny the intellectual worlds of gender. The women's experiential experience, through ritual, builds identities, even if within an occasional environment of freedom and self-determination. Moments of resistance are marked, probably unconsciously, in the patriarchal status quo and in the image of the female self that this class constructs. By exploring the identities and the social roles of the gender in reality, we examine how people, men and women, experience life in specific social and cultural contexts. The meanings, which are associated with gender and identities, eventually shape an understanding of the world and produce ideology. This fact implies a classification-however minimal-of those phenomena and their meanings that ensure the gendered status quo as a symbolic one. What were women trying to say through their magical rituals and when will we discover the importance of cultural consignment which the feminine mystique is bearing as a property and the ritual as action?

This study investigated an increase in deforestation and its impact in charcoal supply for households in Tanga district (urban). Tanga district was chosen because it has high urban population as compared to her neighbor Districts of Muheza and Mkinga. The district was also chosen because it is so close to natural and reserved forests in both Muheza and Mkinga districts in which effect of deforestation on charcoal supply can be clearly seen and determined. The study involved 61 respondents including (households, charcoal venders and forest officer). Questionnaire survey, interview and documentary review methods were employed in data collection. A quantitative data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS 20 th version). While qualitative information was analyzed using content analysis. The study findings show that majority 56 (92%) of the respondents reported that there is high rate of deforestation which was mainly contributed by charcoal production in the study area. The study further revealed that the observed high rate of deforestation affect the availability and supply of charcoal for domestic use. The scarcity of charcoal coupled with high and fluctuating price give the evidence on presence domestic energy crisis in the study area. Along with other recommendations, the study recommends that the Government Regulator (Energy and Water Utilities Regulatory Authorities-EWURA) should consider reducing tariff on other sources of energy particularly gas and electricity to allow many people afford and resorting to alternative energies for their domestic use and hence reduce the extent of deforestation.

Karl Marx found in religion the consequence of ‚Entausserung‛ or alienation created by the capitalist mode of production. For Max Weber, religion is an impetus for social change, while for Marx it is a force trying desperately to preserve the status quo. Refuting Adam Smith, Marx established that division of labour alienated the proletariat from their ‚essence‛. Capitalism later developed a laissez-faire individualism that created fatal cleavage in the human consciousness. Marx revised the Hegelian idea of ‚Entausserung‛ that was earlier refuted by Feuerbach for being metaphysical. A minute observation of the language and imagery, Marx uses about religion, reveals comprehensive morphological, semantic and stylistic resonance of Feuerbach although Marx criticized Feuerbach as his theory ignored economic and social perspectives. This paper tries to analyse the language of different texts of Marx to decipher how he gradually relates his theory of alienation to his unique theory of religion in a dialectic complex process and finally establishes religion, not as an illusion, but to be an intrinsic part of the ‚superstructure‛. Instead of simple abolition of religion, Marx demands extinction of that very vulnerable human psyche that receives religious ‚reflex of the real world‛ in ‚Capital: A Critique of Political Economy, Volume I‛. A close scrutiny the text of ‚Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts‛ reveals that while discussing the different types of alienation, Marx, initially uses religion simply as an allegory, with gradual and conscious change of emphasis. Here Marx does not put religion in a direct causal relationship to alienation of labour; he just uses religion as an analogy, just to make his point clear. Significantly, Marx almost echoes the logical and linguistic pattern of Feuerbachian proposition. If we again compare minutely the language and imagery Marx uses, we find interesting and comprehensive morphological, semantic and stylistic resonance of Feuerbach. While discussing alienation from the 'species-being', Marx again refers to religion, not just as an illusion, Suman Ghosh THE THEORY OF ALIENATION BY KARL MARX AND HIS CRITIQUE OF RELIGION: AN INTROSPECTION European Journal of Social Sciences Studies-Volume 2 │ Issue 2 │ 2017 120 here he refers to religion significantly to be consciously created by mankind. Marx makes his discrete critique on the history of religion and its developing relation with different modes of production. Moreover, we should observe the subtle terminology Marx uses very cautiously ‚The religious world is but the reflex of the real world‛, ‚The religious reflex of the real world‛ he carefully selects the word ‚Reflex‛ not influence, inspiration or stimulus. That is why he takes religious issues so seriously, and a more minute understanding of the text will reveal that he is not at all bothered with abolition of religion, rather he wants extinction of the ‚religious reflex of the real world‛, and to be more specific he wants abolition of that very vulnerable state of human mind that receives such ‚reflexes‛. Moreover, here Marx first discovers Protestant reformation was the ‚most fitting form of religion‛ for bourgeois mode of production to develop. In ‚Capital‛ Marx is so much distressed with religion that is not hesitant to declare religion to be as devastating as war in terms of economic wastage. The developing pattern of the language, Marx uses, regarding religion is scrutinized in this paper.

The study assessed the effect of small-group learning instruction on attitudes and performance of Basic Science students in Ekiti State, Nigeria. The study adopted a quasi-experimental of pre-test, post-test research design and was carried out on 180 JSS 2 students selected from six secondary schools using purposive sampling techniques. The two instruments used for the study included: Basic Science Performance Test (BSPT) and Students' Attitudinal Scale (SAS). Five hypotheses were generated for the study and tested at 0.05 level of significance. The findings of the study revealed that small-group learning instruction had significant and positive effects on students' attitudes and performance in Basic Science. The findings also indicated that gender had no significant effect on attitude of students taught using small-group learning instruction. Based on the academic success recorded by the small group learning classrooms, it was suggested that small-group learning instruction which is more student-centered and having potential of enhancing students' attitudes toward Basic Science should be adopted as a teaching strategy in schools.

The study examined the influence of primary Health Care delivery services on the health status of rural dwellers in Abia State Nigeria. A sample size of 120 respondents selected via multi-stage random sampling technique was used. in selecting .Primary data generated using structured questionnaire and Focus Group Discussion were analyzed using descriptive statistics such as frequency counts, percentages, means, pooled means, and KAP analysis respectively. Result showed a mean age of 25 years, 58.3% were male, and 75% were married. About 61.0% had secondary education, 58.3% were farmers/traders, and earned mean monthly income of N48, 250.00 and had a mean household size of 4 persons respectively. Majority (50.0%) owed water system toilets, and 58.3% sourced their drinking water from boreholes, 75.0% fed 3 2 meals/day and 83.3% were not registered with NHIS. Result further showed high (X = 3.03) level of awareness on seven out of eight PHC delivery service packages in the study area. There was also high level of utilization on immunization (X= 3.00) and moderate level of utilization on treatment for malaria, prevention/ treatment of communicable diseases, family planning/ HIV and AIDS, maternal / child health care, public health education and environmental health education respectively. The KAP analysis showed the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice Levels of the respondents towards these PHC activities and interventions influenced their health status positively in the study area.

Majority of the Nigerian population lives in rural area, where agriculture is the mainstay. Nigerian rural areas are the most neglected and its people, the most deprived with regard to the provision of modern health care services. Besides, they lack other basic infrastructural necessary for the maintenance and promotion of good health. The implication is that rural dwellers are subjected to high incidence of morbidity and mortality resulting from the incidence of preventable and infectious disease. Knowledge about health care seeking behavior is very crucial in health care policies formulation, early diagnosis, effective treatment and implementation of appropriate interventions in the rural areas where productive tasks are labor-intensive. In order to build a responsive health system in the rural areas, there is need to understand the health seeking behaviours on the demand side and that is the only way to expect improved health outcomes. This paper explores the factors influencing health-seeking behaviour of rural areas in Nigeria and its implication on rural livelihood.

This study includes a research on organizational culture, job satisfaction and organizational commitment of the marketing staff, made in an enterprise. The study ascertained the fact that there are meaningful relations among the marketing staff between organizational culture, job satisfaction and organizational commitment. It is precipitated that the findings pertaining to the job satisfaction and organizational commitment are in a characteristic supporting the common opinions in the literature in general.

Speech Acts theories have been a considerable revolution in the developments of pragmatics as a discipline. However, pragmatics cannot be fully studied without taking in consideration discourse analysis, since they are closely linked with each other. Undoubtedly, political discourse has been a major domain of language use that has attracted the interests of researchers for a long while. This is because political discourse is a complex human activity that deserves critical study, particularly because of its central place in the organization and management of society. This study investigates the role of language in the communication and interpretation of intentions by examining a selected political speech as some piece of discourse with specific goals. Since the politician`s speech is mainly concerned with persuading or making the others believe what you are saying, the Speech Acts play the most important role. It presents and documents some of the significant illocutionary acts that convey the intentions of speakers in political speeches. Firstly, we will provide the theoretical explanation of the two main theories concerning Speech acts, Austin andSearlès ones. Secondly, we will try to analyze the first EdiRamàs victorious political speech after the general elections held in Albania in June 2013 concerning Speech Acts and their categorizations.

In this study will be addressed first media communication from sociological view in Albania after the '90s. This period was characterized by change of political system. The consequences of this change were reflected in the social and cultural life of Albania. In this study, will be analyzed the relationship between the family institution and the institution of the media, television.

It has been shown that bullying is a serious problem in schools. Teachers are the ones who play an important role in stopping bullying in schools. It is essential to understand what teachers know about bullying, what their attitude towards it is and how they implement the anti-bullying policy. The attitudes of teachers and the culture they nurture will influence which anti-bullying strategies they will use which can benefit the school. In this context, based on the literature review, this paper aims to present an overview of the research on teachers' knowledge of bullying and their anti-bullying attitude.

The prediction by some experts within the United States National Intelligence Council in a document entitled " Mapping Sub-Saharan Africa's Future " predicting outright collapse of Nigeria as a nation state cannot be wished away. The study examined the factors that precipitated the disintegration of Yugoslavia and juxtaposed them with the past and present religious and socio-political state of Nigeria. The paper maintained that virtually all the factors that led to the break-up of Yugoslavia abound in Nigeria. These factors include deep seated inter-ethnic rivalries, religious intolerance, dearth of national integration, internal colonialism and deficiencies in Nigeria's federal structure. The real danger is not even the possibility of the break-up of Nigeria into new states; this would not necessarily be a problem, but the collapse of Nigeria into utter chaos and manslaughter. The study recommended true fiscal federalism, constitutionalism, respect for sectionalism, national integration and the implementation of the resolutions of the 2014 National Conference as measures to checkmate the disintegration of Nigeria.

Family remains a great support for every individual in the society, but for individuals living with HIV / AIDS this support is a necessity. The aim of this study is to show how important is the family support for a person living with HIV / AIDS. Our study will explore the importance of family support for people living with HIV / AIDS, given that there are few studies conducted in this area. The method used is the qualitative method. There are used semi-structured interviews, where 10 interviews are conducted with people affected by HIV / AIDS, 10 others with families and 10 semi-structured interviews are conducted with key service providers (4 doctors, 3 nurses, 1 social worker, 2 specialists of the National Programs on HIV / AIDS in PHI (Public Health Institution). The study is conducted at the Regional Health Office the VCT-HIV / AIDS, which offers free tests for: HIV / AIDS, hepatitis B / C and Syphilis. The results showed that the support provided by the family is a necessity for a person with HIV / AIDS, because they feel supported from the family and accepted as a member of it, valid and non-discriminated. Without family support, they said that their life would end and there will be no reason and hope to fight HIV / AIDS. From all the interviewed, three of them did not have the support of their families. In conclusion, we can say that the family is the backbone, where these people find warmth and support, and without it, they cannot move forward in life.

The favourite festivals in Thailand; the lotus throwing (Rap Bua) festival in Bang Phli, Samut Prakan which countless thousands of local public line the banks of Samrong Canal to throw lotus flowers onto the boat carrying a replica of the famous Buddha image; Luang Poh To was monitoring and evaluated on public's perceptions of their participants for obvious reasons at Wat Bang Phli Yai Nai toward their participated activities. Associations between public's activities and their satisfied of this festival were assessed. Using the qualitative data with interview, observation, and participated memberships' activities were designed from the 10-item Questionnaire on Satisfaction Inventory (QSI) was validated of 0.88 which sample size consisted of 2,383 persons. Statistically significant of their different gender also were found. Public's participating this festival to their satisfactions were differentiated, the efficiency predictive value (R 2) value indicate that 58% of the variance in their satisfaction assessments also were associated.

The classification the types of arcs and domes in the Iranian buildings are very diverse in terms of its geometry and efficiency. According to the primary definition, arc and domes are a kind of ancient static system which has contributed considerable by helping Iranian architects in order to widen and coverage openings. Regardless of the geometric shape, factors such as the type of materials, mortar, construction technique and the position of placement are effective in the process of arch implementation. The persistence of these structures indicates high skill and experience of architects and the witness of this claim are remaining arc and dome in ancient Iranian buildings that so far has not broken under natural and human conditions. In this study, we examine the arcs by identifying and finding out how their implementing is practiced in most historical buildings, due to the resistance and static of these buildings. In order to analyze and study, the present study method used executive methods to identify and introducing examples of executive techniques in historical buildings of Iran and experimental methods of architects, as well as books, and articles related to the topic. It can be said that the gathering and procedures for implementation and compilation techniques, the executive practices of these buildings are the inspiration of Iranian expert architects for more generations and will be a good pattern for learning for those interested in this field. Also, the executive procedures could be solution for the problems of restored historic buildings.

Apparent advocacy is one of the main components of appearance theory. The importance of apparent advocacy is evident since lawyering or advocacy has a great importance along a significant role in facilitation of legal relationships. Individuals can benefit from lawyering entities in the sense of making personal contracts by using representatives. Lawyering plays an important role in terms of facilitation of transactions and contracts. In fact some peoples' job is to make contracts while representing other individuals. The rules and regulations of advocacy have been set in support of individuals in order to make people motivated towards interacting with lawyers so that this entity is able to play its role in flow of capital and boom of trades. In other words, the domain of advocacy must take a step further than the sole lawyer-client relationship and instead, its sentences should be redistributed based on supporting social trust. An interesting solution for creating trust towards lawyers amongst the public is supporting for legal trust in credible appearance which is followed by apparent advocacy. This paper elaborates on concept, instances, and conditions of realization and impacts of apparent advocacy.

The issue of violence against women, deeply ingrained into the culture of Pakistan, has recently caught the attention of the increasingly active and effective civil society in the country. Both national and international organizations continue to work towards alleviating the issue at large. However, a major barrier towards tackling the issue at hand is the overlapping nature of the culture and religion that has put forth the topic of violence against women as a taboo in the society. Religious misinterpretations alongside cultural norms and the ineffective implementation of laws have led to a weak status of women in Pakistan where it is difficult for women to voice their opinions or claim their rights.

The study on the impact of family and social support on the health of people in Calabar Metropolis, Cross River State was embarked upon to in order to assess the importance of family and social support on the health and wellbeing of people in Calabar Metropolis. The major objective of the study therefore is to examine the health impact of those who lack certain social support and the measures to be taken to reduce the effects. To realize these objectives, the survey method was used, deploying the questionnaire as the instrument for data collection in order to get valid information for analysis and to draw conclusion for the study. Findings from the research showed that there was a significant relationship between family and friend’s relationship on the health and well-being of individuals. Social support means being able to access people that a person can rely upon if needed. The support of family and friends during crises has long been seen to have a positive effect on people’s health and well-being. Further analysis also revealed that those who live near their family have lower stress issues than those who live apart from their family as the family plays an important role in one’s ability to make healthier choices. Based on the findings, the study recommends that people should take the issue of stress very seriously because not all illnesses are biological, as revealed by the study; some illnesses are caused by social factors. The study also recommends that interventions in the form of promoting social support from among family and friends should be given especially for individuals are faced with depression.

The aim of this study is to determine the narcissism and positive thinking scores of the disabled athletes. The sample of the study was selected by a total of 40 physically disabled athletes from the branches of swimming, football, basketball and athletics who Descriptive statistics and Pearson correlation coefficient analysis were applied in the analysis of the data. As a result of the statistical analysis carried out, it was determined that there is a positive relationship between the scores of narcissism and the positive thinking skill of physically disabled athletes.

Help and relief in the body, comfort and consolation in the spirit means, pay attention to the whole person of the patient, in his global reality, realizing not only of all its physical, psychological, relational, social and spiritual. The partner wild with pleasure to learn in order to be close to the sick, to be able to offer them a' presence of love and competent service. It is important for every person to know what are the motives of the act while carrying out a visit, which is a true' therapeutic ministry. Aware that, by the patient is not going to spend a bit 'of time, let alone to vent on him our problems and our concerns: in fact, already has enough and not add more. All the sick wherever they are, living situations of suffering, still await a visit from the aid, relief, comfort and consolation, in body and in spirit.