European Journal of Special Education Research
ISSN: 2501 - 2428
ISSN-L: 2501 - 2428
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.51776
Volume 1│Issue 2│2016
STAGES OF SCIENTIFIC COMPREHENSION BEGINNING AND
DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERSATILE INFLUENTIAL MECHANISMS
OF THE MUSIC ART TO A HUMAN
Yuliya Anatoliivna Bondarenko
Ph.D. (Special Education), Associate Professor,
National Pedagogical Dragomanov University, Kyiv, Ukraine
State Pedagogical University, Sumy, Ukraine
Abstract:
In the article, the author made an analysis of the views of ancient poets, philosophers
and scientists, physicians, educators, musicologists from different eras on the problem
of medical and educational impact of music on a person. It is shown that in prehistoric
times the musical art was associated with myths, magic and religious cult rituals. Based
on the views of the ancient philosophers and thinkers there were various theories and
concepts of the impact of music on the body and the human psyche. Scientific
understanding of the mechanisms scientists’ impact of music on the human body began
in the early twentieth century. The article focuses on the analysis of current uses of
music in therapeutic and remedial work with children of different categories, including
psycho-physiological, psychotherapeutic, psychological and socio-pedagogical.
The materials is structured chronologically, which allowed time interval to track
the use of music in medical and remedial work and highlight historical periods and
stages in the development of different views on the issue under study: pre-scientific
period that includes the ripening stage ideas therapeutic effects of music and scientific
propaedeutic phase formation thought; research period comprising theoretical
principles forming the physiological effects of music on the human body and the stage
of formation and development of scientific understanding of the mechanisms of
diversification’s effects of music on people.
Keywords: musical arts, medical and pedagogical influence the history of children with
psychophysical development
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Yuliya Anatoliivna Bondarenko –
STAGES OF SCIENTIFIC COMPREHENSION BEGINNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERSATILE
INFLUENTIAL MECHANISMS OF THE MUSIC ART TO A HUMAN
Introduction
The substantial source of enriching the content of correctional pedagogics in the work
with the children with psychophysical development defection is considered to be the
study of scientific and creative heritage of philosophers, poets, scientists, teachers,
musicologists of different historic periods, who were investigating the problem of the
music art influence on an organism and mind in general.
Topicality of the study of medical - pedagogical influence of the music art is
presupposed by modern changes in the development of a special education where the
priority assignments are improving the content of correctional - educational work with
the children with psychological defection, understanding the positive tendencies and
implementing them into practice of nowadays. Music plays a significant role in
correctional – developing and treatment - recovery work with disabled children.
Correctional – pedagogical and treatment – recovery abilities of the music art foresee
working out the means of preventing and correcting defections in mental state, mental
and physical development of a disabled child.
A comprehensive and multifunctional series of effects on a person, of art and
music in particular, were highlighted in the scientific works of modern researchers such
as R. Vainola, V. Havryliuk, A. Holyk, H. Hryschenko, I. Korschakova, I. Levchenko, O.
Medvedeva, S. Naumenko, etc. And the number of scientists L. Brozelo, T. Varionova,
H. Volkova, N. Vlasova, I. Hudym, N. Zbruieva, M. Zemtsova, A. Kyshtymova, V.
Kruchynin, L. Kunenko, I. Muratov, N. Ostapenko, Z. Punina and others. And also
there were highlighted wide possibilities of music usage in the correctional work with
the children with psychological development defection and there were mentioned some
historic information as for the usage of means of music art in treatment – recovery
work.
Analysis of the scientific and methodological sources revealed not enough
development and lack of understanding of the problem of the history appearance of
music art with the healing and therapeutic purposes in correctional and educational
work with children with disturbances of mental and physical development. The depth
of researched historical range that covers the period from antiquity to modern times
requires highlighting the historical stages in the development of different views as for
the given problem.
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STAGES OF SCIENTIFIC COMPREHENSION BEGINNING AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE VERSATILE
INFLUENTIAL MECHANISMS OF THE MUSIC ART TO A HUMAN
Formation of the objective and methodological basis of theoretical research
Therefore, taking into consideration everything mentioned above, we performed the
analysis of different views on the subject of medical-pedagogical influence of music art
in different age periods of social development. Research objectives involved structuring
of historical stages of the development of different views on the problem studying;
highlighting the views of thinkers, poets, scientists of ancient and modern times
concerning health and educational impact of music art on the human psyche and the
body in general; allocation of current uses of music in the process of work with children
with disturbances in mental and physical development.
Methodological basis of the research work consists of works from music history
(I. Hivental, K. Zenkin, L. Krasynska, B. Levik; N. Herasymova-Persydska, O.
Zinkevych, L. Kyianovska, M. Cherkashyna-Hubarenko, K. Shamaieva, etc.), the history
of pedagogics (S. Biletska, I.Kovalenko, V. Kravets, M. Levkivskyi, V. Rotenberg, L.
Stoliarenko, O. Sukhomlynskyi, M. Iarmachenko, etc.), the history of music education (I.
Aliieva, O. Apraksina, L. Archazhnikova, L. Dmitriieva, O. Lobova, H. Padalka, O.
Rostovskyi, L. Khliebnikova, O. Scholokova, etc.). Within the structuring of different
views on the problem of medical and educational impact of music art we take into
account the general historical approach to periodization (antiquity, the Middle Ages,
the Renaissance, the New Time, etc.), art (baroque, classicism, romanticism,
impressionism, avant-garde), general pedagogical (pre-scientific, the appearance of
theoretical concepts Education within philosophy, the development of educational
science).
Retrospective analysis of foreign opinion as for the medical-pedagogical impact
of music art focuses on structuring "small" historical stages connected with the
development of specific approaches and views, in the context of this research takes
form.
1. Pre-scientific period (from ancient times to the middle of XVII century.).
1.1. Stage of maturing ideas of therapeutic effects of music (ancient times).
1.2. Propaedeutic stage of scientific thought formation – appearance of
theoretical concepts of ancient philosophers about "cleaning" by means of music (from
ancient times to the middle of XVII century.).
2. Research period (from late XVII. to the present time).
2.1. Stage of forming theoretical foundations of physiological impact of
music on the human body (from the end XVII - the beginning of the twentieth century).
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INFLUENTIAL MECHANISMS OF THE MUSIC ART TO A HUMAN
2.2. Stage of formation and development of scientific understanding of the
mechanisms of diversification effects of music on a person (from the beginning of the
twentieth century to the present time).
Pre-scientific period - maturation stage of ideas with the therapeutic effects of
music on a person
The first - the pre-scientific stage covers the period from ancient times when there
existed ancient civilizations to the middle of the seventeenth century. It is believed that
the music originated approximately 40,000 years ago when people began to imitate the
sounds of nature and distinguish them from the language. It was the vert period where
there began maturing ideas about the therapeutic effects of music on the human body
(Lobova, 2010).
Analysis of historical works (H. Boffi, M. Dandamaiev S. Kramer, T. Savelieva, F.
Hoffman) showed that in the ancient world there was no music as art, but as a "helper"
in their daily lives. So in ancient works and documents music featured as a magic tool
expulsion of evil spirits that are essentially taking psychotherapeutic treatment of the
disease (Al-Balah, 2009). V. Maurer pointed out that primitive society used music in two
ways: as a hymn that was a means of cohesion and unity of the tribe, and a melody
magician-doctor who cast evil spirits and set body to health (Kartava, 2014).
Information about the magical effect of music can be found in the culture of
different cultures in the ancient world. For example, in Egypt, priests treated diseases
by means of sounds of different heights (Al-Balah, 2009). China music was used to
reduce stress, a kind of a relaxation technique (Taher, 2012). During the Coptic culture
the ill with epilepsy were treated with singing psalms (Al-Balah, 2009). In ancient Iraq
in the era of the Umayyad and Abbasid music was used for the treatment of patients, as
well as pain relief and restoration of mind and physical strength (Taher, 2012).
The therapeutic effect of music is mentioned in ancient mythology, where the
music is also regarded as something of a magical character. In the myth of Orpheus
there is mentioned that the famous hero improved the luck of people by his singing,
captured wild animals and birds. In the Homeric epics ("Odyssey") there is a
description of how the music and the singing stopped Odyssey’s wound bleeding. The
ancient Greek hero Achilles suppressed the attacks his rage by singing and playing the
lyre. Apollo, the patron of singers and musicians, during the Peloponnesian War
stopped plague by playing the instrument (Lobova, 2010).
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INFLUENTIAL MECHANISMS OF THE MUSIC ART TO A HUMAN
In ancient writings, we can find plenty of evidence of healing music, treatment by its
sounds. A great ancient doctor Avicenna called a melody "unmedical" means of
treatment alongside with a diet, smells and laughter. In the "Canon of Medicine", he
suggested that people suffering from melancholy, should listen to music and singing of
birds. Boethius, in his treatise "Manual to Music," told how the musicians Terpander
and Arion deprived by singing the dwellers of Lesbos and lonians from serious
illnesses. The physician Asclepiades suppressed divisions by music sounds, as well as
playing the trumpet helped to restore the hearing to the deaf (Matsyshina, 1998).
Pre-scientific period - propaedeutic stage of a scientific opinion formation as
for healing - pedagogical impact of music art on a person+
Propaedeutic stage of the scientific opinion formation is characterized by the
appearance of theoretical concepts of ancient philosophers about "cleansing" by music.
Ancient Greek philosophers and thinkers spectated music not only as a means of
influencing the moral world of a person, correcting and education his character, but
also as a means of making a certain psychological disposition of a person (theory ethos)
and mental purification which a person feels after dealing with art (theory of catharsis).
According to the theory ethos (the theory of the significant impact of music on
the human being) music creates different conditions of a soul. According to Plato (427347 BC) the power and strength of the state depends on the kind of music it plays, in
which and rhythms the music sounds. In its turn, it has an ability to make people's
souls according to themselves. In the dialogue "The State" Plato mentions that dealing
music should be the basis of the state educational system (Kalmykova, 2001). The
concept of catharsis used in the philosophy of Pythagoras, Plato, Aristotle and others
who paid attention to the psychological "cleansing" of a person from communicating
with music and other kinds of art. Pythagoras (428-348 BC) recommended music as a
cure for the body and soul and found that music can improve and develop human
intelligence (Matsyshina, 1998). He noted that music and good food is an ideal means to
maintain a healthy mind and body. The Pythagoreans developed the theory of
purification of the soul from harmful passions (anger, lust, fear, jealousy and so on) by
implementing specially selected music. (Medvedeva, E., Komissarova, L., Shashkina, G.,
Sergeeva O., 2002).
The ideas of Pythagoras and Plato got mostly developed in the writings of
Aristotle (384-322 BC), the developer of doctrine of mimesis, which reveals the idea of
person’s inner world and ways of influencing on it through art. In this theory, concept
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INFLUENTIAL MECHANISMS OF THE MUSIC ART TO A HUMAN
of catharsis was developed, according to which the human soul reliefs from painful
conditions, providing further stable moral and mental health. Aristotle considered
music as a way of cleansing the soul from passion. He thoroughly described the music
keys that lead to a change of mentality (Tugeeva, 2011).
Based on the ancient theory of musical ethos and with the development of
rationalist philosophy and psychology there appeared the theory of the emotions that
studied the effects of different rhythms, melodies and harmonies on the emotional
condition of a person. The theoretical grounding of doctrine was founded by a French
rationalist philosophy Rene Descartes. Later, in the Middle Ages, influence catharsis of
music associated with the theory of the emotions and the theory of psychoanalysis by
Sigmund Freud, Carl Jung.
Scientific period - the stage of formation of theoretical principles of music
physiological effects on a human body
The second scientific stage of views evolution on the problem of medical and educational
impact of music art is appointed by forming of theoretical foundations of music
physiological effects on a human body, and then the setting up and development of
scientific understanding of the mechanisms of music diverse effects on people, covering
the time period from the end of the XVII century to the present time.
The stage theoretical foundations forming of music physiological effects on a
human body is characterized by the fact that in XVII-XVIII centuries there appeared the
doctrine of the use of music in medical purposes, and it was called «Jatromusica».
Within this trend there studied physiological reactions that occurred in a body during
listening to music.
At the beginning of the XIX century French psychiatrist Jean Etienne Dominique
Eskirol began using music in psychiatric institutions. At the end of the XIX century I.
Tarkhanov proved by his researches that the melodies which bring people joy, influence
positively human body, slow down the heart rate, increase the strength of heart
contractions, facilitate vasodilatation, normalize blood pressure, stimulate digestion,
increase appetite. Pleasant emotions, caused by music, raise the tone of the cerebral
cortex, improve metabolism, stimulate respiration, increase attention, tone the central
nervous system (Matsyshina, 1998).
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Scientific period - the stage of formation and development of scientific
understanding of the mechanisms of diverse effects of music on a person
The stage of formation and development of the mechanisms of diverse effects of music
on a person began in the early XX century. In the second half, all around the world
music was used as an independent therapy - music therapy. The above mentioned
trends and theories formed the basis for modern uses of music in medical and
correctional work with children of different categories: physiological, psychological,
psychotherapeutic, and social-educational.
Physiological direction associated with the positive influence of music on various
body functions. V. Bekhterev believed that using rhythm can be set in the balance of the
human nervous system: to slow down too excited temperament and speed up slow
ones, settle incorrect and unnecessary movements (Matsyshina, 1998). In the future,
special studies by S. Korsakov, I. Dohel, I. Sechenov, I. Tarkhanov, H. Shypulina and
others confirmed the opininon about the positive influence of music on various systems
of the human body: cardiovascular, motor, respiratory, central nervous ones. Research
perfromed by doctors and psychologists have shown that the impact of music on the
human body is quite wide. I. Hryniova noted that melodic music provides sedative,
rhythmic and energetic music at a moderate pace and dynamics has a tone effect and is
used in renewable vascular therapy, including the cerebral circulation disturbances. The
positive impact of music on the central nervous system was noticed by psychiatrists A.
Groisman, V. Raykov. Normalization of the cardiovascular system in the perception of
the music that was performed on the clarinet and the violin was studied by S.
Mamulova. The therapeutic effect of the art singing, vokaltherapy, its usage with
therapeutic aim in practice was shown by Shushardzhanom C. (Medvedeva, E.,
Komissarova, L., Shashkina, G., Sergeeva O., 2002).
Positive scientific conclusions gradually formed the basis of scientific evidence as
for the possibility of music uage in correctional work with both adults and children
with developmental problems (V. Bekhterev, P. Anokhin, Yahnina A. etc.).
Psychotherapeutic direction of music usage foresees its therapeutic effect on the
psyche and, through the psyche, on the human body and deprived from various
emotional, personal, social and other problems. At present stage music therapy is
considered to be one means of medicine and prevention of a wide range of diseases. An
important role in the development of music therapy was played by a philosopher Plato
(347-427 BC), who believed that music leads the hearts of children to balance and, along
with gymnastics, is a means of recovery (Kalmykova, 2001).
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Psychological direction of the music usage assumes its impact on the variety of structural
components of the human psyche. In the early XX century there appeared a significant
amount of work on music psychology by L. Vyhotsky and B. Teplova. The
psychological aspect of the impact of music on a child with problems in the
development of associated first of all with the correction of cognitive, emotional and
personal sphere of children, where the important place is occupied by the expansion of
social experience, communication, ability to communicate adequately, engage in
common activities with peers and adults. The impact of music on the development and
correction of psychological processes, the formation of their arbitrariness, commitment
demonstrated by the studies of Milovskoyi S., I. Ievtushenko, E. Medvedev and others
(Medvedeva, E., Komissarova, L., Shashkina, G., Sergeeva O., 2002). In the process of
practice of psycho correctional work in the process of having an impact on emotional personal sphere, music plays relaxation, regulatory, catharsis functions.
Social-pedagogical direction of the music impact is performed in two ways: by
educating the aesthetic ability to perceive the reality directly in life, and through music
works and by means of activities related to the musical arts. Even in ancient Greece,
musical education was considered an inevitable part of education, because music helps
personal development of the child (Taher, 2012).
Social - pedagogical music impact on the child is associated with giving him
unlimited opportunities for self-expression and self-realization both in the process of
creativity, and in the knowledge gaining and approval of his own I . Creating by a
child products of music activity makes easy the process of communication with adults
and peers in different age stages. Interest for the results of work, the perception of the
products artistic activity improve self-esteem of the child with psychophysical
development disturbances, and his self-perception. Music also forms an idea of the
child's environment, expands the musical world (Medvedeva, E., Komissarova, L.,
Shashkina, G., Sergeeva O., 2002).
Conclusion
Thus, analysis of mythological literature, physiological, musicological, psychological educational research works on considering the problem of the study showed
considerable interest of ancient poets and philosophers, thinkers, and later
psychologists, doctors, psychologists, teachers of different historical times to the
problem of the impact of music on the human body. Modern uses of music in the scope
of work with children with disturbances of mental and physical development are based
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INFLUENTIAL MECHANISMS OF THE MUSIC ART TO A HUMAN
on previous experimental studies that demonstrate the powerful effect of music on all
mental and physiological processes in the body of a person.
So, a retrospective analysis of foreign thought as for the impact of music on the
person proves that the idea of medical - pedagogical impact of music was originated in
ancient times. Since that time there have been different approaches to understanding
the influence of music from the idea of a magical character to highlight some of its areas
of influence (physiological, psychological and psychotherapeutic, socio-pedagogical).
However, beginning from ancient times, leading scientists recognized the important
role of music in the treatment and correction of a personality.
Using historical experience in correctional - educational activities provide an
opportunity to consciously approach the use of music in the different categories of
children, including those ones with the disturbances of mental and physical
development, grounding their feasibility.
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