European Journal of Education Studies
ISSN: 2501 - 1111
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1111
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
doi: 10.5281/zenodo.290335
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE
LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE
MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
Charles Kyalo Tuta1i, Ruth Thinguri2
1
Mount Kenya University, School of Education,
P.O. Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
2
Dr, Mount Kenya University, School of Education,
P.O. Box 342-01000, Thika, Kenya
Abstract:
The research aimed to analyze critically the effectiveness of the learners’ involvement in
the learner’s discipline management in primary schools in Kenya. The objectives below
guided in the study development; To critically analyze the extent to which learners’
involvement in the formulation of the school rules and regulations influence
management of the learners discipline in schools; To critically analyze the extent to
which learner’s assistance in time management affect discipline management in schools
in Kenya. To critically analyze the extent to which learners democratic rights to elect the
children’s government body influence learner’s discipline management in schools; To
critically analyze the learners observation of hygiene and sanitation help in discipline
management in primary schools; To critically analyze to what extent do learner’s
involvement in planning co-curricular activities assist in learner’s discipline
management in primary schools. The study used qualitative research method that
guided in acquiring reliable and valid information on the study. The study recommends
to the government through the ministry of Education coming up with proper policies
and guidelines to ensure effective involvement and engagement of learners in discipline
management in primary schools.
Keywords: discipline, indiscipline, management, learners, involvement
i
Corresponding authors: e-mail charlestutah@gmail.com
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved.
© 2015 – 2017 Open Access Publishing Group
453
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
1. Introduction
Learners discipline management, plays a very important role in the smooth running of
learning institutions in the world. The problem of discipline management globally has
been an issue of concern stakeholders. Discipline is the backbone of the national unity
where the disciplined and united citizens are able to work more smoothly and this can
be reflected to the learners’ spirit of unity, co-operation and brotherhood in the leaning
institutions. The learners remain key custodian of any learning institution, without
learners there could be no school. Every school has a unique set of rule and regulation
which guides the learner’s conduct within the school premises.
The school management has a responsibility to ensure that all learners abide to
the rules and regulations of their school. Therefore, learners discipline cannot be
separated from the other components of instructional programs in the school, those
who fail to follow the set rules, and regulations are disciplined accordingly. Indiscipline
amongst the learners in primary schools is commonly caused by the external social
environment, Drugs and drug abuse, poor parenting to nurture the children’s
discipline. Chanda, Songolo and Mutekenya (2015),citing short(1988), argued that
promoting learners self-esteem and belongingness has more positive effect in reducing
behavioral problems than punishing wrong doers in primary schools.
The pupils approaches in discipline management, seeks to promote peer
counseling, Learners awareness of the school rules and regulations, promoting clubs
and societies in school, engaging with learners in co-curricular activity planning,
involving learners in decision making like formulation of school rules and regulations.
Corporal punishment to learners was abolished and laid great emphasis on solving
learners’ problems through guidance and counseling, training learners in making
reasonable and independence decisions in managing the learners discipline in primary
schools in Kenya.
The learners should be given well advised and freed to express their problems to
the school administration or their instructors through the set channels. While the
administration should also use the same channels to sensitize the learners on the best
discipline expected from them while in school compound. The findings may be useful
to the school administration, Ministry of Education and other Education stakeholders to
come up with possible solutions which may involve learners in managing discipline in
primary schools in Kenya.
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
454
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
2. Statement of the Problem
The bringing up of disciplined learners in primary schools is unavoidable in all the
countries with keen focus to achieve a disciplined citizens in future who are determined
and active who may reflect in the Kenyan’s vision 0 0. Apart from the government
establishing the 8.4.4 education system in Kenya through the Ministry of Education
(M.O.E) the government has further offered free Education for all learners in primary
level since 2003.This attracted millions of children to enroll for schooling, including of
the late Kimani Maruge, who is the holder of Guinness World Record for the oldest
person to start primary school in 2004 at 84 years old. Learners have enjoyed this free
offer but it came with a lot of challenges to many schools. Among the problems
reported are indiscipline cases like Drugs abuse and drugs trafficking, absenteeism, late
coming, being unruly, not doing class work assignments, use vernacular languages as a
medium of communication within school compound. These vices lured pupils into
indiscipline cases like associating with school drop-outs, prostitution and drug peddlers
which interfere with their standard of living in Kenyan schools. It is in this co-relation
that led to involving learners in discipline management in schools that saw the need to
carry out this research .learners in the past have been treated like objects and not to be
heard but only to be pumped with knowledge and skills. Whenever things go wrong
they were the center of blame and never given space to express their minds and
participate in schools decision making which has led for this study to manage
indiscipline cases in many Kenyan schools in the primary sector.
3. Purpose of the Study
Aim of the research was to critically analyze the effectiveness of the learners’
involvement in the learners discipline management in the primary schools.
4. The Objectives of the Study
The research was based on stated objectives below:
1. To critically analyze how learners involvement in the formulation of the school
rules and regulations influence learners discipline management in Kenyan
primary schools.
2. To critically analyze the extent to which learners assistance to time management
affects learners discipline management in primary schools.
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
455
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
3. To critically analyze the extent to which learners democratic rights to elect the
children’s government body influence discipline management in Kenyan
primary schools.
4. To critically analyze how learners observation to hygiene and sanitation help
influence discipline management in Kenyan primary schools.
5. To critically analyze to which extent do involvement of learners planning in cocurricular activities assist in learners discipline management in Kenyan primary
schools.
5. Research Questions
Research questions for the study were:
1. How is the learner’s involvement in formulation of school rules and regulations
influence learner’s discipline management in Kenyan primary schools?
2. How do learner’s assistance in time management affect discipline management
in Kenyan primary schools?
3. What challenges do learners face when exercising their democratic rights of
electing the children’s government body in Kenyan primary schools?
4. How do learner’s observation to hygiene and sanitation affect the discipline
management in Kenyan primary schools?
5. How has learners’ involvement in planning of co-curricular activities influence
discipline management in Kenyan primary schools?
6. Significance of the Study
The research findings pointed out fundamental tools that could be of great use to the
government through the Ministry Of Education and other stakeholders in Education
field to formulate policies based on involving learners in formulation of school rules
and regulations to manage discipline among learners in schools. The finding would be
beneficial to parents and school administration to bring up discipline and law abiding
pupils in and outside the school compound. The study may help in development of
learner’s self-discipline and responsible as they observe time management while in
school by following the school time table which is emphasized through organizing
guidance and counseling from the teachers. The study would be important to learners
to learners as they are enlightened by the policies from the government through the
Education Ministry on their democratic rights to elect their leaders of their choice in the
school children’s government body. The study would be beneficial to the government
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
456
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
through the Ministry Of Education, Health and Sanitation through the learners
responsibility of observing and keeping environment free from out-break of health
related diseases and promoting good academic atmosphere in the school compound.
The study benefited learners through participation of co-curricular activities as not all
learners are gifted academically. Those gifted in games and sports would nurture the
skill which maintains their body physically fit and may get job from sports and games
companies in future and earn their living.
7. Research Methodology
The study was a critical analysis on effectiveness of the learners’ involvement in
learners discipline management in primary schools in Kenya. The study used
qualitative research method that guided in acquiring reliable and valid information
which led to promoting socialness in learning activities, according to Bandura theory.
The research used content and desk design in the analysis which allowed for the
critique of the literature on the effectiveness of learners involvement in discipline
management in primary schools in Kenya.
8. Theoretical Framework
The theoretical framework was based on the behavioral learning theory as put forward
by Bandura. (1977), who advocated that behavior of man is learnt and acquired mostly
through seeing and imitation. Today children are surrounded by a lot of environmental
influence like teachers, parents, Television and peer groups. When they tent to portray
good behavior, the children will try to imitate the good treads from them, but if
majority in the society are characterized by indiscipline behaviors, learners will
definitely imitate some of these behaviors from their homes and schools thus becoming
hard to manage discipline among learners in schools.
When learners observe good and discipline people in the society being rewarded
for exemplary behavior they will tent to imitate such behaviors so that they can be
recognized and rewarded in school. Junior learners in the school will tent to imitate
majority of their senior learners. If they behave well in the school, the junior learners
will do imitate the good discipline from them so that they may be seen as good
children. This implies that the people around the children contribute a lot in their
behavior in and outside school community. A child who is rewarded in school for being
good and disciplined may likely continue with that good behavior while in school and
in future outside the world. The learners are also more likely to imitate behaviors of
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
457
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
adults and this may show the behaviors that may come from learners. Learners can also
learn from the streets and public places that violence is a means of solving a problem an
experienced from workers who often go on strike demanding their welfare fulfillments
like salary hike and later they get their demands this may lead learners imitate violence
and strikes against their teachers and administration as they demand their rights.
9. Critique Literature Review
9.1 A critical Analysis on Learners Involvement in Learner’s Discipline Management
Discipline in any society of parents, learners, and educator is of paramount concern. It
is the expectations of the parents and educators in the entire society to bring up their
children in a responsible behavior within and without school community. The
acceptable behavior among learners will help produce disciplined and law abiding
citizens in future. To achieve these moral values among the learners an effective
involvement of learners and all other stakeholders as per Ministry Of Education (2001)
documentation in managing learners discipline in primary schools being important as
children need to be involved in decision making in the schools especially the activities
which affect them directly.
The involvement in decision making among the learners could be direct where
they meet face to face with their instructors or indirect through elected children’s
governing body. Among the activities to involve learners in promoting discipline
within the school includes; peer counseling, guidance and counseling. All these may
help learners interact among themselves and experts in the field of guidance and
counseling to an open discussion and guide them accordingly to grow morally upright.
This creates peace and harmony in the school community between leaners and
administration. This involvement of learners in school decision making may instill
discipline management in primary schools in Kenya.
9.2 A Critical Analysis on Learners Discipline Management in Primary Schools
Discipline is a main requirement in any civilized set up of life in the world .Majority of
primary schools in the world, Kenya included cases of indiscipline have grown rapidly
not only in the learning institutions but also in religious activities, political and family
activities where discipline is necessary. The act of indiscipline has caused a lot of
concern in the country among the administrators, educators, education stakeholders
and parents as per (Wayson and Pinnell, 1994). Indiscipline cases have grown perhaps
because many of the school going children come from indiscipline society, poverty
affected areas, single-parents which affect moral upbringing of children (Kute, 2014). A
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
458
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
poor supervision of learners by parents and teachers lead to a negative regards towards
all set of authorities in schools and communities.
School is a recognized agent of socialization where discipline among learners is
promoted. Two main approaches are used in schools to instill discipline among
learners; that is formal and informal approaches. Formal as the main approach to
promote discipline includes; classroom setup, guidance and counseling, school clubs
and societies all help learners acquire some social life skills and duties which are vital to
the pupil’s discipline growth. The informal approach include peer groups influence and
guidance and counseling from parents and school Board of Management (BOM). School
curriculum designed to equip learners with basic knowledge, skills, attitudes and other
opportunities to achieve different social and vocational talents hence playing
fundamental role to build valuable members in the school community with good values
and attitudes acceptable to the societal norms.
According to Griffins (1994), the main importance aim of discipline in school is to
ensure every child has good behaviors and conduct themselves morally either under
supervision, controlled or else forced as these are the demands of any community on its
members for happiness and productivity. The discipline of the learners in any society is
a comprehensive involvement of all parties. Deviance from discipline amounts to poor
performance (Williams, 1982) and M.O.E, 2001). Indiscipline owes its origin in the
learner’s minds as documented by Okumbe (2001) sources indicates that school
children have turned violent to their instructors and colleagues due to indiscipline
according to (Thinguri & Kiongo,(2015). All schools have a duty to deal with learners
vices like drug and substance abuse, drug trafficking, sexual assault, rape, stealing,
sneaking from schools, absenteeism, lateness among other indiscipline behavior as per
(M.O.E.1991, Kiongo & Thinguri, 2015).
9.3 A critical Analysis on How Learners Involvement in Formulation of School Rules
and Regulations Influence Learners Discipline Management
A well-organized society is built in a well set of moral laws to be followed by its
members. This definite set of moral laws governs and controls the behavior of those
living in that society. School learners need to adhere to the school rules and regulations.
The school should have a well formulated rules and regulations which guides to the
smooth running of the school programs. These rules and regulations need to be
acceptable in the school community, nationally and internationally. During the rules
and regulation formulation, the following stakeholders need to be fully consulted and
involved; school administration, government through the Ministry Of Education,
educators and learners. The set rules may be posted on the school open places like;
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
459
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
school notice boards, classrooms and learners given copies of the same on which they
must adhere to them once in school. The learners may fill owning the rules and the
regulations they were consulted, involved and contributed during the formulation
enhancing easy acceptance and adhering to them (Kimweli, 2013). This may help
maintain learners discipline in schools as each rule has to handle a case as per its
strength and weight it deserves. Among the rules formed may deal with school
uniform, misuse of school resources, absenteeism, fighting in school, stealing, lateness
in school, cleanliness, medial of communication while in schools, when and where to
take food while in school compound.
9.4 A Critical Analysis on the Extent to which Learners Assistance in Time
Management Affects Learners Discipline Management
Management of time is one of the people’s major challenges in life. In smooth running
of every organization and institution there is need for time keeping to determine how
long an activity should take to be accomplished. It’s noted that, an effective time
keeping among learners in schools starts with proper organization, planning and
establishing rules and regulations that makes learners avoid time wastage in schools.
Time management and punctuality problems tend to have negative impact on
discipline maters of the learners (Sultan, 2013) Time spend out of class internationally
accounts to less than 25 percent of the total time a learner spends in school per day,
Such time spend out of class includes; break time, lunchtime and games time are
important to learners relaxation after class work. The need for leaners to balance their
time in school is of importance as it goes hand in hand with learner’s discipline in
managing their activities as per the time allocated in the school time table.
9.5 A Critical Analysis on the Extent to Which Learners Democratic Right to Elect the
Children Government Body Influence Learners Discipline Management in Primary
Schools
Learner education has greatly been assumed for too long as an important role in
promoting room for democracy not only in the society but also in the schools.
According to Carr & Hartnett, (1996), it is necessary in education sector to promote
democratic space more on individual and especially the learners in school set up of
management and leadership is an important step in any planned reforms in schools
which controls and manages devolved skills like leadership and responsibility from a
central point of school administration to learners elected children’s body leaders
according to (UNESCO, 2005). In a wide democratic space where teachers, parents and
administration have to take a school-based decision and promote democratic skills and
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
460
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
spirit to observe certain level of decentralizing school autonomy although the
autonomy may not mean a totality guarantee on decision making in school.
This makes learners play an important role in attaining more democratic skills,
like leadership in their children’s body. Policy implementation like making decisions
may be constituted by major stakeholders in the schools. According to Bean & Apple,
(1999) evidenced that, strong attention from learners promotes their involvement
through entrusting them powers and duties which in the long run this will encourage
and promote learners in Kenya through their own elected children’s body leaders make
choice who shall effectively control command and direct the pupils welfare in discipline
management primary institutions.
9.6 A Critical Analysis on How Learners Observation to Hygiene and Sanitation
Influences Learners Discipline Management in Primary Schools
The Introduction of Free Primary Education (F.P.E), 2003) in Kenya has brought a
positive and a negative impact in learning institutions. The enrolment in schools has
doubled, leading to shortage of school learning facilities and resources like; few
classrooms and hostels to accommodate high population in the schools, shortage of
books and learning resources. Majority of the learner’s parents from rural area are of
low earning and have poor living standards which affect either gender of boys or girls
welfare in school. A good number of girls in schools may ran away from schools to
avoid embarrassment especially during their menstrual periods due lack of sanitary
pads as the government supply of the same is not enough for the large enrolments.
Poor living environment and compounds is a reflection of irresponsible learners
and may lead to outbreak of diseases like malaria, cholera among other diseases related
to untidy environment. The Kenyan government through the Ministry Of Education
should come up with policies ideally to retain learners in school by allocating adequate
funds to develop sanitation resources like timely provision of sanitary towels to girls,
training learners on hygiene and sanitation in the school environment. The help to
control truancy gives learners self-confidence and responsibility as learners can make
decisions on their own. As per (Osters,2010) hygiene and sanitation is vital in retention
of learners in school thus management of discipline among learners in primary schools
is promoted as the learners may not be highly affected by outside school environment
and interaction with indiscipline school drop-outs.
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
461
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
9.7 A Critical Analysis on The Extent to Which Learners Involvement in Planning CoCurricular Activities Assist in Learners Discipline Management in Kenyan Primary
Schools
A part from academic excellence which is one of the main goals for learners in schools,
co-curriculum activities are also import for pupil’s physical development. Learners also
need to be given opportunity to nurture their talents outside classroom. This is because
not all children going to school are academically talented. Some learners will do well
academically while others will perform well in co-curricular activities and earn their
future from those talent activities like football, athletics, gymnastics and acrobatics
among others. There are other skills acquired by learners outside classroom such as
developing interpersonal relationships, working together, respecting one another,
cultural, physical, societal and spiritual way of putting learners together in the field.
The above learned skills are very important to learner’s individual success in life
as it contributes to their future life outside school. Activities outside classroom makes
learners happier and more active especially when they are freed to express their skills
and learn other skills like time management as each game is allocated a specific time,
this helps them acquire the time management skill, self-discipline as they have to follow
the rules set for each game, develop self-confidence, create team work, tolerance and cooperation and respect to one another. The co-curricular activities need involvement of
learners in organizing, planning and selection of the team players. Participation of
learners needs to be done freely without forces from administration. During learners
practice to follow the rules of different games they may also reflect the same in school
compound thus learners discipline is managed in primary schools in Kenya.
10. Conclusion
The main aim of carrying out this research is to critically analyze the effectiveness of the
learner’s involvement in discipline management in primary schools in Kenya. It was
established that cases of indiscipline in primary school leaners has grown too high not
only in Kenya but also globally. The research also found that lack of learner’s
involvement in school decision making like formulation of school rules and regulation
affect learner’s discipline. The common components of these indiscipline cases in
schools include; stealing, truancy, fighting, noisemaking, drug abuse and bullying. The
school educators and learners have believes that indiscipline among learners can be
instilled through learners guidance and counseling, involvement school parents, give
close supervision of learners duties, assignments and encourage peer counseling,
punishment to be administered to rude learners. It is worthy effective to use
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
462
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
communication skills to encourage learners to express their views and problems
through the proper set channels to the administration rather than burning schools,
boycotting classes and not doing class work assignments as a way of expressing their
aguish while in school.
11. Recommendations
The study recommended the following key actions
1. Learners discipline treads and its effective management in primary schools to be
promoted in the school community through the collaboration of the parents and
school administration to help produce disciplined and a law abiding citizens in
future.
2. The government through the Ministry Of Education to formulate guideline
policies which involve learners in formulation of school rules and regulations in
schools to enhance effective awareness and abiding of school rules and
regulations.
3. Education stakeholders should ensure learners observe time management by
giving moral values through guidance and counseling sessions done by their
instructors which promote productivity in academic results, seriousness in their
duties and avoid time wastage.
4. The Ministry Of Education through the school administration, learners need to
be enlightened on the importance of children’s government body to their welfare
in school and their democratic rights to elect leaders of their choice in the
children government council.
5. The school administration in collaboration with the children’s government body
to ensure good learning atmosphere and a clean environment to promote
learning among the learners and control outbreak of diseases which may affect
smooth learning of the learners.
6. School administration need to involve learners in planning and participating in
co-curricular activities in schools to promote their talent, social skills, discipline
management and co-operation among the participating learners
Reference
1. Bandura, A. (1986).Social Foundations of thought and action: A Social cognitive
theory. Upper saddle River, NJ: Prentice Hall.
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
463
Charles Kyalo Tuta, Ruth Thinguri
A CRITICAL ANALYSIS ON THE EFFECTIVENESS OF THE LEARNERS INVOLVEMENT IN
LEARNER’S DISCISPLINE MANAGEMENT IN PRIMARY SCHOOLS IN KENYA
2. Chiwela, G.M.2010.Participatory School Governance: Children in DecisionMaking in the Zambia Context. In Cox, s; Robinson-Pant, A., Dyer, C. &
Schisfurrth, M. (Ends). Children as Decision Makers in Education. London:
3. Department Of Education.1999. Representative councils of learners, roles and
responsibilities. Pretoria: Government Press.
4. Garbarino, J. 1997.Educating children in a socially toxic environment.
Educational leadership, 54, 12-16. Wilson Web July 10, 2001.
5. Kiongo P. & Thinguri R. W. (2015). Managing School Leadership ChallengesRemedies and Therapies Nairobi. Aura Publishers.
Creative Commons licensing terms
Author(s) will retain the copyright of their published articles agreeing that a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) terms
will be applied to their work. Under the terms of this license, no permission is required from the author(s) or publisher for members of the community
to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt the article content, providing a proper, prominent and unambiguous attribution to the authors in a manner that
makes clear that the materials are being reused under permission of a Creative Commons License. Views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this
research article are views, opinions and conclusions of the author(s). Open Access Publishing Group and European Journal of Education Studies shall
not be responsible or answerable for any loss, damage or liability caused in relation to/arising out of conflicts of interest, copyright violatio ns and
inappropriate or inaccurate use of any kind content related or integrated into the research work. All the published works are meeting the Open Access
Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and non-commercial purposes
under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 1 │ 2017
464