European Journal of Education Studies
ISSN: 2501 - 1111
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1111
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.164817
Volume 2│Issue 8│2016
VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS
AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
Semir Šejtanić1i, Mile Ilić2
Dr.sc., Teaching Faculty, University"Džemal Bijedić" Mostar, Bosnia and Herzegovina
1
Dr.sc., Faculty of Philosophy Banja Luka,
2
University of Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina
Abstract:
The teaching process is realized through communication and interaction between
pupils and teachers. To what extent the educational process will be successful it is
determined by the content and direction of verbal interaction and communication.
Verbal teacher-pupil interaction is a multifaceted construct that involves a number of
different components that are interconnected. The studies of teacher-pupil interactions
clearly show that the type and the quality of established interaction in the classroom are
related to learning outcomes. Teaching should include real learning, not just
reproductive academic tasks in the traditional teaching which favoured role of the
teacher as the subject of the teaching process, and placed pupils in the position of
passive listeners and executors of teacher s commands. The survey was conducted in
primary and secondary schools in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Mostar region) through
direct observation of verbal communication and interaction and their connection to the
teaching outcomes of eight school subjects. The extent to which pupils are directly or
indirectly involved in the process of executing instruction, and what is their interaction
at a time, we examined by Flanders' interaction analysis protocols. The protocol we
applied systematically observed 224 lessons (112 lessons in primary and 112 lessons in
secondary school). The results we obtained suggest that the verbal activity of teachers is
still dominant, and that verbal activity of pupils is neglected.
Keywords: interaction, communication, pupil-teacher, verbal activity
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Semir Šejtanić, Mile Ilić VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
Introduction
The teaching process is realized through communication and interaction between
pupils and teachers. To what extent the educational process and its quality will be
successful is determined by the success of verbal interaction and communication
(Ozegovic, 2006). The studies of teacher-pupil interactions clearly show that the type
and quality of interaction achieved in a class is associated with learning outcomes
(Hewitt, 2003). Most researchers are of the conviction that the quality of teacher-student
interactions plays a major role in the effectiveness of the teaching and learning
(Needles, 1988; Darling Hammond, 2007).
Efficient teachers who are able to establish good relationships with their students
play vital roles at schools (Luck, 2004). Some models of teaching and learning that
occurred in the last thirty years, such as the model of interpersonal behaviour of
teachers (Wubbels, Creton and Hooymayers 1985), transactional model of the process of
teaching-learning (Hewitt, 2003) and other models, assume that learning activities
should reflect the real learning rather than traditional academic tasks and traditional
teaching that favoured role of the teacher as the subject of the teaching process, and
pupils generally placed in the position of passive listeners and executors of teacher s
commands, so that effective learning is constructive and self-regulated, and not merely
reproductive.
Most of the interaction in the learning process is carried out through verbal
communication between pupils and a teacher, but the teacher has different roles in
relation to pupils. During communication teacher realizes educational, social and
motivational role so that the term interaction is comprehended wider than the concept
of communication. Influenced teaching develops, promotes and supports educational
activity for each pupil to the maximum level of knowledge and the development of the
potential of his/ her personality. In order to do that it is necessary in the teaching
process to enable pupils to express their thoughts, ideas, feelings and beliefs in nonviolent and multidirectional communication and interaction and partner interaction
between a teacher and other pupils. One of the methods that is easy to implement and
has good reliability and validity with regard to interpretation of results is Flanders
method (Wragg 2002: Saba, 2007; Azar, 2003; High & Bee, 2006).
The scope of these findings has been increased in previous studies, but questions
about the types, elements and educational influences of verbal communication and
interpersonal interaction in the classroom
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Semir Šejtanić, Mile Ilić VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
Method
The aim of this research study was to "Examine and analyse the nature of interpersonal
communication in teaching in primary and secondary schools, identify its main characteristics
and to determine its relationship to the success of pupils." We started from the hypothesis
that the verbal activities of teachers dominate the activities of the pupils that are not
reflected positively on the success of pupils in primary and secondary schools. Applied
research methods are survey research methods, analytical and synthetic and
comparative method. Research techniques applied in this study are systematic
observation and micro test.
Examinees
Empirical research was conducted in public schools in the southern part of Bosnia and
Herzegovina (Mostar region) and included pupils and teachers from seven primary and
seven secondary schools. The sample was 905 examinees (590 or 65.19% pupils of the
ninth year of primary school and first year of secondary school, and 315 or 34.8% of
teachers). In relation to the population (2,095 pupils and 1,264 teachers) randomly
selected sample is representative because it includes more than 28.00% of the pupils,
and over 40% of teachers.
Instrument
To what extent are pupils involved in the process of verbal communication and
interaction during the lesson, we examined by Flanders' interaction analysis protocols.
Protocol observing interactions in the teaching process was designed and standardized
by N.A. Flanders and this scientifically verified instrument is applied to research the
interaction and communication of participants of the teaching process. Flanders has
developed a protocol of the 10 categories (Flanders, 1974, p. 4).
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Semir Šejtanić, Mile Ilić VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
Table: 1 Categories of Flanders interaction analysis
Response
1.
Accepts pupil’s feelings: Accepts or explains pupil’s feelings without
(Indirect
encouragement. Feelings can be positive or negative. Here we can include,
influence)
predicting the feelings and recalling the previous lessons.
2.
Praises or Encourages: Praises or encourages pupil's actions or behaviour.
Jokes to loosen the tension, but not at the expense of others. These include
encouraging head "nod" and expressions such as "aha" or "and further".
3.
Accepts or uses ideas of pupils: Explains, manufactures and develops ideas
of pupils. When the teacher begins to enter mainly their ideas, he changes to
the category 5.
4.
Asks questions: Asks question about content or with the intention that the
pupil replies.
Initiative
5.
Lecturing /Lecture: Giving facts or opinions about content or procedure
6.
Giving Directions: The teacher gives directions, commands or orders or
(Direct
Teacher’s talk
influence)
expression of his own ideas, asking rhetorical questions.
initiation with which a pupil/pupil is expected to comply with.
7.
behaviour of pupils from unacceptable to acceptable; Extreme reference of
himself.
Response
8.
influence)
Initiative
Pupil Talk Response: Pupil gives answer to the teacher s question. Teacher
structures and limits the situation. Pupil s freedom to express one's thoughts is
(Indirect
Pupil’s talk
Criticizing or Justifying Authority: Statements which seek to change the
limited.
9.
Pupil Talk Initiation: The pupil expresses new ideas, his own ideas -
(Direct
spontaneously or at the initiation of teachers. The possibility of freedom to
influence )
develop opinions and a line of thought; going beyond the existing structure.
Silence or
Confusion
10. Silence or Confusion: Pauses, short periods of silence and period of confusion
in which communication cannot be understood by the observer.
We applied this protocol by watching and observing 224 lessons (112 lessons in primary
and 112 lessons in secondary school). Because we wanted to research the relationships
between verbal interactions with the success of pupils, at the end of the observed lesson
teachers have made five-minute assessment of pupils applying thematically relevant
Micro Test.
Results and Discussion
The results we obtained have included collective indicators of verbal communication
and interaction between pupils and teachers within 8 teaching subjects taught in
primary and secondary schools: Bosnian Language and Literature, History, Geography,
Religion, Biology, Chemistry, Mathematics and Computer Science.
We presented summarized information in the following table.
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Table: 2 Summary results of verbal interaction on the lessons
Category
School subject
Total
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
Bosnian
language
min
%
min
%
min
%
min
%
min
%
min
%
min
0,3
1,9
2,4
8,3
7,5
3,4
0,2
8,1
5,5
2,4
40
0,5
1,8
2,1
6,4
10
5,6
1,2
6,4
3,4
2,6
40
1,25
4,5
5,25
16
25,5
14,0
3,0
16,0
8,5
6,5
100
0,6
1,1
1,8
7,3
10
4,2
0,9
6,5
4,7
2,5
40
1,5
2,75
4,5
18,3
26
10,5
2,25
16,3
11,8
6,25
100
0,5
2,3
1,7
6,8
8,8
4,1
1,3
7,3
5,1
2,1
40
1,25
5,75
4,25
17
22
10,3
3,25
18,3
12,8
5,25
100
0,2
1,4
0,6
4,2
7,2
8,6
1,3
8,2
5,2
3,1
40
0,5
3,5
1,5
10,5
18,0
21,5
3,25
20,5
13
7,75
100
0,1
2,1
1,5
4,9
11
6,9
1,5
5,8
4,3
2,1
40
0,25
5,25
3,75
12,3
27
17,3
3,75
14,5
10,8
5,25
100
0,2
1,7
1,8
5,4
11
5,3
1,7
6,8
4,5
1,8
40
0,8
4,8
6,0
20,8
18,8
8,5
0,5
20,3
13,8
6,0
100
History
Geography
Religion
Maths
Biology
Chemistry
%
Computer
Science
min %
min
%
0,5
4,25
4,5
13,5
27
13,3
4,25
17,0
11,3
4,5
100
0,2
2,2
1,7
6,2
6,3
6,4
1,2
6,8
6,1
2,4
40
2,6
15
14
50
72
45
9,3
56
39
19
320
0,81
4,53
4,25
15,47
22,50
13,91
2,91
17,47
12,13
5,94
100
0,5
5,5
4,25
15,5
15,8
16,0
3,0
17,0
15,3
6,0
100
Total
Legend (Categories of verbal influence)
1. Accept the pupil's attitudes 2. Praises or encourages 3. Accepts or uses ideas of pupils 4. Asks questions
5. Lecturing /Lecture 6. Gives instructions 7. Criticizing or Justifying Authority 8. Pupil's talk - response 9.
Pupil's talk - initiation 10. Silence or confusion
Results shows that the first three categories relating to the indirect influence of teachers,
and their response to the pupils, are distinguished by low results. The lowest
percentage of 0.81%, we observe in the first category, which refers to the acceptance of
pupils' feelings and emotions. Although very similar estimates are observed for all the
school subjects, Geography teachers are slightly more successful in this category. In this
emotional atmosphere the pupils are not given the opportunity for the development of
positive emotions and feelings towards the educational process. The second category
which relates to encouraging pupils in their activities has gained 4.53% presence in the
teaching process. This category is the most represented among the teachers of Religion.
On the basis of the observed lessons of Religion, using arithmetic mean, we have
calculated that 5.7% of the time in class, teachers of Religion use for encouraging pupils.
Acceptance of pupils' idea has received 4.25% of time for all subjects covered by our
research. However, teachers of Bosnian language, with 6.0% of the time, are the most
successful in this category. The fourth category, which includes indirect influence of
teachers, received a much higher percentage than the previous three categories. Based
on all lessons it was observed that teachers use 15.47% of the time for asking pupils
questions. And in this category, as well as in the previous, teachers of Bosnian language
are most successful with 20.8% of the time they devote to asking pupils questions.
Categories 5-7 reflect the direct impact of teachers in verbal interaction with
pupils. The fifth category, concerning the presentation of the teaching material to the
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Semir Šejtanić, Mile Ilić VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
pupils, received the highest representation with respect to all categories. Out of the total
time that teachers use for realization of a lesson, 22.50% is used for presentation of
teaching material, facts or an opinion. Biology teachers, with 27.0% of time spent, are
the most engaged in this category of direct influence of teachers on the communication
process. Giving instructions, orders and commands was the sixth category of direct
influence of teachers, which was represented in all subjects by 13.91%. In this category
are by far the most active teachers of mathematics who take 21.5% of the time to
provide guidance, advice and orders. The seventh category was related to criticizing
pupils or references to teacher s authority. This category was represented by the .
%
of the observed lessons. Although the results are very similar for all subjects, Biology
teachers with 3.75% stand out in this category.
Category pupils' talk included the response of pupils to the teacher's question
and the pupil's self-initiated talk. Indicator under number 8, the pupil's response to the
teacher's question was observed in 17.47% of the observed lessons. Pupils are the most
active in answering questions in mathematics (20.5%) and Bosnian language (20.3%).
The pupil's self-initiated talk is represented in the implementation of the observed
lessons in
.
% of cases. Pupils maximum voluntarily self –initiated talk is observed
in Computer science 15.3%.
The last category, which means silence or confusion, is represented in 5.94% of
cases. At most history teachers we noticed this category of 6.5% of the time during the
lesson. By analysing the obtained data we can see connections between category 8 and
category 4 (teacher asks questions to which pupils give their answers) which means that
the teacher stimulates the pupil's oral expression in the classroom.
Once we have analysed the presence of each category by subjects, we analysed
the obtained data based on the teacher's activity, pupil activity in silence or confusion.
We were especially interested in the data on the representation of verbal activities of
pupils and teachers that we have shown in the following chart.
Graphic 2: The presence of verbal activity
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Semir Šejtanić, Mile Ilić VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
During the realization of the teaching process teacher s talk is in the percentage twice
more present than the proportion of verbal activity of pupils. The data obtained verbal
activities of teachers (categories 1-7) point to 64.25% of the time of their speech, and the
share of verbal activity of pupils (categories 8-9) is 30.25% of the time. In all the school
subjects the share of teacher's talk is much higher than the share of pupil s talk. Using
T-test, we explored the importance of the difference between the total share of the
teacher and pupils' talk at the time. The obtained value of t = 2.71 is greater than the
threshold values at the level of 0.05 t = 1.96 and at the level of 0.01 t = 2.58 for an
appropriate degree of freedom df = ∞ ii, which brings us to the conclusion that there is
a statistically significant difference between the time filled with teacher s talk and
pupil s talk. This relationship was observed within the school subjects and compared
among the five minute test implemented at the end of the observed time. The results are
shown collectively in categories.
Table 3: Verbal activity by subjects
Category
School subjects
Bosnian
language
min
%
History
Geography
Religion
Maths
min
%
min
%
min
%
min
A
24
60,0
28
69,5
26
65,8
26
63,8
B
12,9
32,3
11
27
11
27
11
C
11,1
27,8
17
42,5
16
38,8
14
D
1,16
E
13,6
34,0
9,8
24,5
11
28
12
31
13
33,5
10
25,3
11
28,3
13
32,3
95
29,59
F
2,4
6,0
2,6
6,5
2,5
6,25
2,1
5,25
3,1
7,75
2,1
5,25
1,8
4,5
2,4
6
19
5,94
G
4,2
0,64
3,9
0,70
4,0
Biology
Chemistry
%
min
%
min
24
58,8
28
69,5
28,3
6,4
16
8,6
35,5
17
42,8
19
0,80
4,3
0,37
Total
%
Computer
Science
min %
min
%
27
67,3
24
60,50
206
64,38
21,5
9,1
22,8
10
25,75
80
25,06
48
18
44,5
14
34,75
126
39,31
0,45
3,4
3,8
0,51
0,74
3,6
0,67
4,1
3,9
Legend:
A-teacher's talk, B-Indirect teachers influence, C-Direct teachers influence, D -ratio of direct and indirect
influence E - pupil's talk, F -silence or confusion, G - average grade of five-minute test of knowledge
Based on these results, it is evident that teacher s talk is the most represented in the
teaching of history and biology (69.5%), and the least in Mathematics
. % . Pupil s
talk is the most represented in the teaching of Bosnian language (34.0%), but the least at
the teaching of Biology (25.3%). Silence or confusion at the lesson is the most present in
the teaching of Mathematics (7.75%), and the least in Chemistry (4.5%).
A sample of observed lessons represents in our study sample time. Time of 224 lessons we observed as the
approximate time of 8960 minutes, which is a pattern of time. Taking into account this time pattern, the number of
degrees of freedom (df) for all cases was determined by limit value infinity (df = ∞ .
ii
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Semir Šejtanić, Mile Ilić VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
Graphic 3: Verbal activity study (summary)
Based on the graph it is evident that during the implementation of the teaching process
direct teacher s influence is more dominant
with
.
.
%, followed by the pupil s talk present
% of the time, the indirect teacher s influence was 25.06% and silence or
confusion with 5.56 % of the time.
What is very important for us is the connection between verbal activity and a
five-minute test of knowledge. From the resultsiii it is evident that in cases where there
was greater presence of pupils verbal activity Bosnian language, computer science and
religion) rating on a five-minute test of knowledge is greater, while in cases where the
presence of verbal pupils activity was less chemistry, biology, history, geography
rating on a five-minute test of knowledge is somewhat less. Mathematics is the only
subject that stands out here where it can be noted greater pupils verbal activity, but the
result of the test did not suite to their activities. The reason for this can be the fact that
during the course of teaching mathematics there was a number of pupils who were
constantly involved in the implementation of the teaching process, while the other
number of pupils largely was not involved in the production of content. We tested the
significance of the difference of the teacher's direct and indirect verbal influence. The
obtained value t = 4.15 is greater than the threshold values at the level of 0.05% t = 1.96
and at the level of
.
% t =
.
for an appropriate degree of freedom df = ∞ .
Teachers, in their work and the realization of the educational process, are more
inclined to the direct influence on pupils. Teachers profession is one of the most
responsible ones, because the teachers have really difficult and important task that is to
make learning easier and thus directly affect the formation, development and the future
of their pupils. The importance and complexity of the teachers role demands from
According to Mužić
, p.
, data processing can point to a number of characteristics of teaching: in categories
1-4 Category 1 indicates the highest level and category 4 the lowest level of the student's freedom. Furthermore, the
alternating sequence within categories 1-3 indicates the prevalence of mild, friendly, democratic attitude of teachers,
and in the category 6 and 7 - his autocratic, undemocratic attitude.
iii
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Semir Šejtanić, Mile Ilić VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
them a quality education, sincere dedication to their work, a great love for their work,
continuous improvement and talent.
As our study included eight subjects, the results were analysed according to the
nature of the subject as follows:
Natural mathematical group of subjects (Mathematics, Biology, Chemistry,
Computer science)
The social language group of subjects (Bosnian language, History, Geography,
Religion
Table 4: Summary results of verbal interaction in groups
Categories
The social language group
Natural mathematical group
min
%
min
%
Teacher's talk
102,4
64,00
103,6
64,75
Indirect influence
34,4
21,50
45,8
28,63
Direct influence
68
42,50
57,8
36,13
Ratio of direct and indirect influence
0,51
Pupil's talk
47,7
29,81
47
29,38
Silence or confusion
9,4
5,88
9,6
6,00
Teacher's talk
3,8
4,1
Average grade
3,7
4,1
0,79
Based on these tables very similar results in both groups of subjects are visible. The
difference is insignificant in the terms of direct or indirect teacher s influence where we
noticed that in the social linguistic group of subjects there is larger presence of indirect
teacher s influence which is ultimately reflected in the average grade obtained in a fiveminute test of knowledge.
In order to see whether there are differences between arithmetical means of
natural-mathematics group and social language group we calculated t-test. In the
natural-mathematical group of subjects the received t-test value (I-D influence) was t =
3.04, which is statistically significant difference at the level of 0.05%, which is t = 1.96 for
an appropriate degree of freedom df = ∞ . Testing statistically significant differences of
teacher direct and indirect influence in the social group, we have reached a value of t =
8.63, which is also a statistically significant difference at the level of 0.05 (t = 1.96).
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Graphic 4: Summary results of verbal interaction in groups
From the graphic we see that the presence of direct teacher s influence is the largest
with 42.25% in natural mathematical group, or 36.13% in social language group. There
is minimum presence of silence or confusion at the lessons. In the natural mathematical
group it is 2.88%, and in the social language group it is 6.0%. The obtained data, we
differentiate with respect to the type of school in which the observation was realized
and that is: primary school and secondary school. Grouping the data we presented in
the following table.
Table 5: Grouped data by categories
Category
Primary school
Secondary school
min
%
min
%
Teacher's talk
99,7
62,31
105,9
66,19
Indirect influence
46,5
29,06
43,5
27,19
Direct influence
53,2
33,25
62,4
39,00
Ratio of direct and indirect
0,87
0,70
influence
Pupil's talk
49,9
31,19
44,8
28,00
Silence or confusion
6,9
4,31
10,9
6,81
There can be seen small differences in the results. In primary schools, on the basis of
observed lessons, teacher s talk during the implementation of the teaching is present in
62.31% of teaching time, and in secondary schools in somewhat higher percentage,
66.19%. Indirect influence of primary school teachers is present in 29.06% of teaching
time, and in secondary schools in a somewhat smaller percentage, 27.19%. Direct
influence of primary school teachers is found in 33.25% of the lesson, a teacher of
secondary school 39.0%. This influence is reflected in the presentation of teaching
materials, but also in giving instructions and orders to pupils or criticism. Pupil s talk is
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Semir Šejtanić, Mile Ilić VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
prevalent in primary schools,
.
%, in contrast to the pupil s talk in secondary
schools, which is represented in a somewhat smaller percentage 28.0%. Silence or
confusion is more present in secondary schools 6.81%, while in primary schools 4.31%.
The results of the dominance of the direct teacher s influence. The predominance
of teachers is not expressed so much through criticism, but above all through the
dominance of exposure of educational content and providing instructions for work. In
the analysis of the subjects we found a correlation between the teacher's questions and
pupils answers. The analysis showed considerable percentage of the pupil's talk in
primary and secondary schools. About a third of the lesson time is represented by
pupil s talk, which of course should be more frequent, but it is conditioned by many
factors (type of subject, type of lesson, the pupil's age, etc.). Indicators of confusion or
silence, in our study are very small both in primary and secondary schools. It is often
the case in the introductory part of the lesson when teachers record the name of the
teaching unit. To determine if there were statistically significant differences between
arithmetical means of teachers in primary and secondary school teachers, between the
teacher s talk and the pupils talk, we calculated t-test. The obtained value of t-test for
the different lessons in the elementary school pupil s and teacher's talk is t = .
and
is higher than the limit value of 0.05% (t = 1.96), and for the different lessons in
secondary school value t-test is t = 2.46 and is higher than the limit value for 0.05% (t =
.
for the corresponding degree of freedom df = ∞ .
Conclusion
Based on the overall analysis, which is based on the observed lessons in primary and
secondary schools, we can generally confirm our hypothesis which was: "We assume that
in teaching process in primary and secondary schools teacher’s verbal activity dominates, which
does not contribute to the increase of pupil’s success."
The results of research
. % teacher s talk and pupil s talk
.
%, t = .
threshold at the level of 0.01 t = 2.58 and 0.05 level 2.58) give us the right to fully
confirm the first part of the hypothesis. Although the percentage of the direct
teacher s influence is higher
. %
compared to the indirect influence
(25.06%), most of that percentage refers to the exposure of the content, and the
smallest part to the criticism of the pupils.
From the results it can be concluded that in the subjects where there is a greater
presence of pupils verbal activity Bosnian language, Computer science and
Religion) rating on a five-minute test of knowledge is greater, while in cases
where there is less presence of pupils verbal activity Chemistry, Biology,
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Semir Šejtanić, Mile Ilić VERBAL INTERACTION BETWEN PUPILS AND TEACHERS IN THE TEACHING PROCESS
History, Geography) rating on a five-minute test of knowledge is slightly
smaller.
What we can determine is that during the teacher s verbal activities the indirect
teacher s influence dominates and that it is connected to the positive results of
success. During the realization of teaching process, teacher s presentation is the
most dominant (22.50% of the lesson), but the proportion of the pupil's answer to
the teacher s question
. % is increased to some extent compared to the
previous studies (15,15% Ozegovic, 2006, p .95) and there is even greater
proportion of pupil self - initiative talk (12.13%), compared to the previous
studies (2.94% Ozegovic, 2006, p.95).
Based on these research results, we can conclude that in modern teaching
practice there is some progress in terms of increasing verbal activities of pupils, but that
the verbal activity of teachers is still dominant. Direct teacher s influence which is
manifested through the presentation of programs and giving instructions to pupils) is
dominant in relation to the indirect influence. These findings indicate the need for
professional training of future teachers and professional development of employed
teachers to organize educational, productive, thought, heuristic and creative activities
for pupils and a more rational and more effective teachers in modern teaching.
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