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European Journal of Education Studies ISSN: 2501 - 1111 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1111 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu Volume 3 │Issue 11│2017 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.1048945 WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY: METAPHORS AND OPINIONS OF TEACHERS Ahmet Göçeni, Habib Özğan Dr., Ziyaeddin Akbulut Middle School, Turkey 1 2 Assoc. Prof., Gaziantep University, Educational Sciences, Turkey Abstract: This study examined metaphors teachers provided about what their concepts of spirituality were. It also examined teachers’ opinions regarding workplace spirituality definitions, along with the qualities a spiritual organization requires. Based on the qualitative research method, the research was structured according to a phenomenological design. The sample studied was composed of two groups of teachers (N=4 from another study conducted on the schools’ spiritual development program during the 2016-201 academic year in Şanlıurfa, Turkey. The teachers from both groups volunteered to participate in different parts of this study and answered written questions about their personal metaphors to explain their concept of spirituality and what they think about the place of spirituality in schools, in light of their interpretations and definitions of workplace spirituality and spiritual qualities. While the first part of the study produced different metaphors such as water, knowing the self, energy, sea, space, math, oxygen, students, nucleus , the second part included 30 different opinions about workplace spirituality on both a personal and a group level. The results show that the participants consider workplace spirituality as an important issue for selfidentity, organizational identity, and growth. Keywords: workplace spirituality, metaphors, schools, teachers Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. © 2015 2017 Open Access Publishing Group 202 Ahmet Göçen, Habib Özğan WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY: METAPHORS AND OPINIONS OF TEACHERS 1. Introduction Coping with problems and dilemmas at work is a very common issue these days due to globalization, competition, workload, mergers, and acquisitions (Gautam and Jhajharia, 2016: 13). While seeking solutions to deal with these problems, many business people and schools have displayed a significant interest in spirituality at work (Cavanagh, 1999: 198). The concept of workplace spirituality (WS) in the fields of business and performance outcomes has been discussed much in each discipline’s literature. Furthermore, it seems to be a topic discussed increasingly in management and business journals since the topic debuted in the disciplines’ literature. Discussion over the definition of workplace spirituality continues in both the popular and academic literatures (Kinjerski and Skrypnek, 2004: 26) Workplace spirituality is seen to be defined around core dimensions of inner life, meaningful work and community (Ashmos and Duchon, 2000). Giacalone and Jurkiewicz (2003) defined it as a framework of organizational values evidenced in the culture that promote employees’ experience of organizational transcendence through the work process, facilitating their sense of being connected to others in a way that provides feelings of completeness and joy. Göçen in his study on spirituality among teachers defines workplace spirituality as : a shared understanding that allows people to find meaning at work with a sense of serving a superior purpose, to listen to their inner voice, to experience their transcendence and a sense of integrity among team members. Despite the increasing number of studies about workplace spirituality in business and management fields, the same level of attention has not been witnessed in the education field. Kernochan, McCormick, and White (2007: 61) specified the need to focus on teachers’ spirituality, since management literature tells little about a teacher's spiritual identity or self. Similarly, research on teacher effectiveness has largely examined the ways to equip teachers to become effective in the cognitive domain, but there is virtually no research in examining the affective domain specifically, in the realm of spirituality (Barsh, 2015: 5). Mousa and Alas (2016), who carried out a study to examine the relationship between workplace spirituality (WS) and organizational commitment among Egyptian teachers, stated, The majority of teachers are leaving governmental schools in search for better work opportunities in the private sector and Gulf countries as their schools do not show a sense of community; they do not see their work to be meaningful… followed by work slowdowns, high level of absenteeism, low productivity and high rates of turnover (p. 248). Schools and teachers face many different problems all over the world while maintaining their roles as individuals. An OECD report states (2005) several points for countries to consider European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 11│ 2017 203 Ahmet Göçen, Habib Özğan WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY: METAPHORS AND OPINIONS OF TEACHERS about teacher retention, such as the impact of high workloads, stress, and poor working environments on job satisfaction, the undervalued image and status of teaching, and the limited means in most countries to recognize teachers’ work. “ccording to Özoğlu, G(r, and “ltunoğlu 2013:125), teachers seem to be seriously demoralized, desperate, and discouraged in many countries and think that their profession is not as respected as it used to be. This case requires a multi-faceted approach to schools and teachers. The solution to these problems could be provided to some extent by supporting and fostering spirituality in school communities, as spirituality helps people gain a more transcendent perspective on their work, family, community, and self. Studies consistently show that mental health and well-being correlates significantly with spirituality (Walt and Klerk, 2014: 368). The spirituality of people and teachers develops over time and is influenced by significant relationships with others through lived experiences (Ambrose, 2005: 93). When the concept of spirituality in the context of schools is discussed, there are different paths to interpret it, on a personal level, and on a group-centered, faith-based level, followed by secular concerns in the schools. Thus, Watson (2000) asks how far we can embed spirituality into secular school environments while pointing out the secularization of religion on one hand, and the religionization of atheism in the schools (p. 39), and suggest that the two ends should meet in the middle. It is not our intention to propose workplace spirituality as the sole and final solution to the teachers’ problems mentioned above. WS can be a great tool in helping teachers to overcome school-related problems. The exclusion of the spiritual dimension is known to lead to the slowdown in teachers’ growth Klerk-Luttig, 2008: 505) because WS empirically has proven to increase performance, wellbeing, and to decrease stress. Rego and Cunha (2008: 54) assert that it is natural to promote spirituality at the workplace to improve the commitment of employees and their organizational performance, as long as the respect for the dignity of people and ethical issues are considered. In their study regarding schools and spirituality, Abdullah, Ismail, and Mydin (2013: 1321) found workplace spirituality correlates positively with teachers’ commitment and satisfaction, departmental effectiveness, and also with effective leadership practices.” It serves an important role in solving problems of employees, since training programs that integrate spiritual dimension into an organization help the development of the whole person, and not merely the hands/skills. Petchsawang and Duchon, :4 head/knowledge and . Nuzulia and Rupiati (2016: 1242) suggest that one of the important efforts in education systems should be about making teachers feel satisfied with their job. This, too, is closely related to workplace spirituality. Feeling satisfied is not necessarily a European Journal of Education Studies - Volume 3 │ Issue 11│ 2017 204 Ahmet Göçen, Habib Özğan WORKPLACE SPIRITUALITY: METAPHORS AND OPINIONS OF TEACHERS function of high income or any other tangible asset because teachers desire to experience connectedness, a sense of unity, wholeness, and meaning in their lives and at the workplace. The ones with a spiritual dimension at work are more inclined to selfreflection; are more attentive to their inner self, both with others and with a greater power than the self (Klerk-Luttig, 2008: 508). This spirituality affects both teachers and students. Based on connectedness and caring, spirituality in schools has been stated by Vokey (2003: 174) as an antidote to several student problems and social ills. Stanley : 4 , who studied challenging violent students and teachers’ relationships in the schools, discovered that spirituality helped teachers to maintain efficacy through anxiety reduction and by functioning as a tool to connect with students. That means that spirituality is an indispensable requirement for both teacher and student success in high-stress educational settings. Before they connect with the lives of the students, however, teachers need first to recognize their own lives and their inner world (Chittenden, 2003). Thus, introducing WS into the school climate may have vital implications for both teachers and students. Considering the importance of spirituality in school settings, our study aims to reveal the metaphors about spirituality, followed by the opinions and definitions of teachers about WS and desired workplace principles and features for a spiritual organization. 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