European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ISSN: 2501 - 1235 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 doi: 10.5281/zenodo.439981 COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS Umut Canlıi Ministry of National Education, Fevzi Çakmak Special Education Application Center, Corlu, Turkey Abstract: In this study, it was aimed to compare the anthropometric characteristics, somatotype profiles, some biomotorical performances and basketball-specific skill levels of basketball players who were at different age levels, in adolescence period and were training with the same training methodology. The participants were 41 basketball players who were in the age range of 12-14 years, regularly trained and played basketball in the local youth setup leagues. The participants' body height, body weight, vertical jump, 1-mile run, aerobic power, anaerobic power, skinfold thickness (triceps, subscapula, suprailiac, calf), circumference (biceps flexion, calf), diameter measurements (humerus bicondylar, femur bicondylar) were made. Basketball-specific skills were determined using the Harrison Basketball Skill Test while the somatotype characteristics were determined according to the Heath-Carter method. KolmogorovSmirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to determine whether the data were suitable for normal distribution. One-Way ANOVA test was used to examine the differences between the variables and Tukey test was used to investigate the cause of differences. Normality tests and other statistical analyses were performed at the significance level of 0.05. A significant difference was noted in humerus bicondylar diameters according to the age levels of basketball players and a statistical difference was detected in the data of vertical jump and anaerobic power in terms of biomotorical performance (p <0,05). The cause of this difference was found to be due to the fact that the humerus diameter, vertical jump and anaerobic power values in the age group of 14 age years were higher than the values of the other two age groups. No difference was found when the Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved. © 2015 – 2017 Open Access Publishing Group 13 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS somatotype profiles and basketball-specific skill levels were compared according to age levels (p> 0,05). In conclusion, in our study group, we did not find any difference among other anthropometric characteristics, somatotype profiles, and basketball specific skills except humerus diameter. We suggest that the difference in the vertical jump and anaerobic power values of biomotorical performance is due to the increase in the strength ratio along with the increase in age level. Keywords: anthropometric, basketball, biomotorical, skill 1. Introduction Basketball started with the success of our national team in our country and achieved to create fanbases by increasing its popularity when the club teams joined the European leagues, provided the necessary investments and organizations and became successful. With increasing popularity and interest, parents canalized their children to this sport while the desire to play basketball among young students also gradually increased. As basketball sport contains all the basic biomotorical skills in itself, it is observed that the physical characteristics specific to the basketball player also make a difference of this sports branch. It is not possible to attain the desired performance level unless the possessed physical structure is suitable for the performed sports branch. The physical structure is only one of the indicators that an athlete can perform at a high level and affects the performance of athlete positively by combining with the motorical characteristics (Ozkan et al., 2005; Senel et al., 2009). Motor development is a process that continues during all stages of human life, even if at different speeds or in different forms. (Megep, 2007). Nowadays, orientation to sports at early ages and achieving success in elite sports increasingly at younger ages entailed training for long years and getting elite in children sports. However, it was seen that the reactions of children to their training load differed from those of adults, the reasons of this situation was directly related to growth and development. Under the influence of growth and development, training that were determined in parallel with different growth periods are divided into the stages of starting, general preparation, special preparation, and yield. Responses to training vary depending on the functional and biological characteristics of each stage Acıkada, . It is known that there is a unique character of the child and youth training since the content of child and youth training does not have the characteristics of a limited adult training. It is performed in accordance with its own conditions and rules The training European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 14 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS process of children and young people should be supportive while taking the conditions of development process into account (structural and functional development of child), also, they have systematically and incrementally developed goals in terms of educational knowledge and these goals are aimed at training good people and good athletes in the long term. It should be able to respond to the systematically evolving expectations of the sports branch in question (Hahn, 1982). The aim of this study is to observe the changes in growth and development characteristics and to emphasize their contribution to the development process of training by determining the differences among the basketball players between the ages of 12-14 years in terms of physical, biomotorical and skill levels. Its aim is also to create a database for comparison of basketball players that are of both our country and other countries. 2. Materials and Methods 2.1 Participants The sample of the study included 41 volunteer male basketball players who was in the varying age range of 12-14 years, who had a sport history of three years, who had a mean trainees of 2.8 per week and who participated in the competitions in local youth setup leagues. 2.2 Procedures 2.2.1 Anthropometric and Somatotype Measurements The body height measurements were taken when the participants were barefeet, their body weights were evenly distributed to both feet, the heels were joined together and were in contact with the stadiometer, the head was positioned in the Frankfort plane, the shoulders were relaxed with the arms by sides. Participants' body weights were measured using electronic platform scales, as barefeet and with only shorts, t-shirts on. (Ozer, 2009). Circumference measurements were taken at right angles to the long axis of the body or its parts. (Tamer, 2000). Two measurements were carried out in each participant and the mean was calculated. If the difference between these two measurements was more than 7 mm, then the test was repeated (Koz, no date is available). Of the participants, the circumferences of calf and biceps during flexion were measured. During diameter measurements, the result of measurement was ensured to be more reliable by using the sliding caliper so as to apply as much pressure as possible to the soft tissue. (Tamer, 2000). Each measurement was performed twice. Humerus and femur epicondylar diameters of the participants were European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 measured. Skinfold 15 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS measurements were made on the right side of the body. Folding procedure was carried out with the thumb and index finger so that no muscle tissue would be left behind the folded skin. Each measurement was performed twice. The measurement of triceps, subscapula, suprailiac, and medial calf skinfold thickness of the participants were carried out. The somatotype values of the participants were determined by the HeathCarter somatotype method. 2.2.2 Biomotorical Measurements and Basketball Specific Skill Measurement In the vertical jump test, the distance between the body height where the participant can reach while standing and the point where he touches by jumping was measured in cm. This test was repeated three times with rest intervals and the best score was recorded. Before the start of test, the subjects were made to perform warm up and stretch training (Kamar, 2008). For the 1-mile run-walk test, the starting and finish points of 1609 meters in the stadium were remarked by cones. The participants were asked to run the entire distance but were allowed to walk if they could not complete one mile by running. The test result was recorded in the measurement form in terms of minutes and seconds (Ozer, 2015). Maximal oxygen consumption (MaxVO 2) was calculated using the following formula according to the result of 1 mile run-walk test. MaxVO2 (ml/kg/min) = 100.5 + (8.344 * Gender) – (0.1636 * Weight) - (1.438 * Time) (0.1928 * Heart rate) The value of '1' is entered in the form for the male participants while the value of '0' is entered for the female participants (George et al., 1993). The anaerobic power was measured using the vertical jump test and entering the values in the form below. (Fox et al., 2012). P (kg-m/sec = √ . Weight . √ Vertical jump distance Basketball Skill Test: Harrison developed a four-item basketball test for 12-14 years old male students. These four items consist of scoring, passing to each other, dribbling and rebounding. Performance duration of each item is 30 seconds. At the end of two trials given during the test, the highest score was recorded (Kamar, 2008). 2.3 Statistical Analyses In order to provide information about the participating athletes, the arithmetic mean and standard deviation of the data obtained from the athletes were calculated. Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests were used to determine whether the data were suitable for normal distribution. The distribution of all variables showed suitability for normal distribution in both tests. One-Way ANOVA test was used to examine the differences between the variables and Tukey test was used to investigate European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 16 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS the cause of differences. Normality tests and other statistical analyses were performed at the significance level of 0.05. 3. Results Table 1: Descriptive data of anthropometric characteristics, biomotorical performance and skill levels of basketball players according to age level 12 Ages (n=12) Variables Body height (cm) Body weight (kg) Biceps circumference (cm) Calf circumference (cm) Humerus width (mm) Femur width (mm) Triceps skinfold (mm) Subscapula skinfold (mm) Suprailiac skinfold (mm) Calf skinfold (mm) Endomorphy Mesomorphy Ectomorphy Vertical jump (cm) 1 mile run-walk (min) Anaerobic power (kg.m/sec) Aerobic power (ml/kg/min) Basketball skill test (score) 13 Ages (n=14) 14 Ages (n=15) Mean Sd. Mean Sd. Mean Sd. 155,50 55,78 26,48 34,32 6,09 9,67 19,27 18,72 19,38 21,80 5,73 4,95 1,70 29,33 10,61 65,52 50,57 118,58 5,46 11,89 3,33 4,03 ,28 ,67 8,11 9,12 10,59 9,49 2,36 1,30 1,50 8,23 ,99 13,55 4,92 11,62 155,40 53,02 25,27 32,25 6,05 9,30 15,60 12,65 14,22 16,14 4,32 4,32 2,35 31,85 9,67 64,89 51,87 119,00 14,05 19,85 4,75 5,85 ,60 ,91 8,04 9,75 10,13 8,74 2,19 1,57 1,54 5,15 2,13 20,62 7,00 9,47 162,72 57,50 26,36 34,10 6,46 9,68 13,81 11,63 12,49 14,28 3,96 4,50 2,54 40,00 9,07 80,19 51,46 114,86 12,31 10,78 2,35 3,23 ,45 ,58 5,39 6,16 5,77 6,18 1,68 1,54 1,71 9,38 1,34 17,84 4,45 18,10 The measurement data of body height, body weight, circumference, diameter and skinfold thickness of basketball players are given in Table 1. The somatotype components obtained from anthropometric data, the values of some biomotorical characteristics and the values of Harrison basketball test that determine the basketballspecific skill are also demonstrated in the table. Table 2: ANOVA results of anthropometric characteristics of basketball players according to age level Variables Body height (cm) Body weight (kg) Source Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups Sum of squares 502,803 5021,593 5524,396 146,846 8309,455 df 2 38 40 2 38 Mean square 251,401 132,147 F 1,902 Sig. ,163 73,423 218,670 ,336 ,717 European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 17 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS Biceps circumference (cm) Calf circumference (cm) Humerus width (mm) Femur width (mm) Triceps skinfold (mm) Subscapula skinfold (mm) Suprailiac skinfold (mm) Calf skinfold (mm) TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL 8456,300 12,004 494,356 506,360 35,508 771,627 807,135 1,514 8,577 10,091 1,267 20,896 22,162 202,566 1973,129 2175,696 377,310 2684,391 3061,701 332,715 3035,075 3367,790 398,117 2521,447 2919,564 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 6,002 13,009 ,461 ,634 17,754 20,306 ,874 ,425 ,757 ,226 3,353 ,046* ,633 ,550 1,152 ,327 101,283 51,924 1,951 ,156 188,655 70,642 2,671 ,082 166,358 79,870 2,083 ,139 199,058 66,354 3,000 ,062 p<0,05* Examining Table 2, a significant difference was noted when humerus bicondylar diameters were compared according to the age levels of basketball players who were in the adolescence period. No significant difference was found when other anthropometric data were compared according to age levels. Table 3: Tukey test results related to humerus diameters of basketball players according to age levels I (Age) 12 13 14 J (Age) 13,00 14,00 12,00 14,00 12,00 13,00 Mean Difference (I-J) ,04167 -,37500* -,04167* -,41667* -,37500* -,41667* Std.Error ,18690 ,18401 ,18690 ,17655 ,18401 ,17655 Sig. ,825 ,049 ,825 ,024 ,049 ,024 In Table 3, according to the results of the Tukey test which was performed to determine from which age group the significant difference between the humerus diameters of basketball players was derived, it was determined to be caused by the fact that the European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 18 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS humerus diameters of the age group of 14 years were higher than the humerus diameters of basketball players of other age groups. Table 4: ANOVA results of somatotype characteristics and biomotorical performance of basketball players according to age level Variables Endomorphy Mesomorphy Ectomorphy Vertical jump (cm) 1 mile run-walk (min) Anaerobic power (kg.m/sec) Aerobic power (ml/kg/min) Basketball skill test (score) Source Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Between groups Within groups TOTAL Sum of squares 22,588 163,911 186,499 2,658 84,343 87,000 5,076 96,732 101,809 865,229 2324,381 3189,610 15,794 95,734 111,528 2145,154 12008,995 14154,150 29,698 647,316 677,014 148,862 7242,650 7391,512 df 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 2 38 40 Mean square 11,294 4,313 F 2,618 Sig. ,086 1,329 2,220 ,599 ,555 2,538 2,546 ,997 ,378 432,614 61,168 7,073 ,002* 7,897 2,519 3,135 ,055 1072,577 316,026 3,394 ,044* 14,849 17,035 ,872 ,426 74,431 190,596 ,391 ,679 p<0,05* In Table 4, when we examined whether the somatotype components of basketball players and their biomotorical characteristics were significantly different according to the age level, only a significant difference was detected in the comparison of vertical jump and anaerobic data according to age levels. Table 5: Tukey Test Results of Vertical Jump of Basketball Players According to Age Levels I (Age) 12 13 14 J (Age) 13,00 14,00 12,00 14,00 12,00 13,00 Mean Difference (I-J) -2,52381 -10,66667* 2,52381 -8,14286* 10,66667* 8,14286* Std.Error 3,07676 3,02906 3,07676 2,90637 3,02906 2,90637 European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 Sig. ,417 ,001 ,417 ,008 ,001 ,008 19 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS According to the results of the Tukey test in Table 5, it was determined that the difference in the vertical jump variable was due to the fact that the mean values of the basketball players in the age group of 14 years were higher than the other two age groups. Table 6: Tukey test results regarding anaerobic powers of basketball players according to age levels I (Age) 12 13 14 J (Age) 13,00 14,00 12,00 14,00 12,00 13,00 Mean Difference (I-J) ,62321 -14,67283* -,62321 -15,29605* 14,67283* 15,29605* Std.Error 6,99348 6,88505 6,99348 6,60619 6,88505 6,60619 Sig. ,929 ,040 ,929 ,026 ,040 ,026 According to the results of Tukey test in Table 6, the difference in the anaerobic power variable was determined to be due to the fact that the mean values of the basketball players in the age group of 14 years were much higher than those of the other two age groups. 4. Discussion and Conclusion The determination of anthropometric and physiological profiles can contribute to the selection of necessary criteria for achieving success in young basketball players (Hoare, 2000). While the developmental profiles of young basketball players are being followed, related to the body structure of the athlete, the sportive fitness level, the physical development changes caused by expedient regular sportive training, general and special changes can be observed (Cimen et al.,1997). In our study, among the anthropometric values of basketball players who were in the age groups of 12-13-14 years, the only difference was detected between the humerus bicondylar diameters (p<0,05). It was determined that this difference was caused by high humerus bicondylar diameters of the basketball players in the age group of 14 years. In the study named the anthropometric characteristics and somatotypes of soccer players by Polat et al. (2009), no significant difference was found in the humeral diameter parameters between 9 and 10 years of age, but it was detected 11 years old players and 9 and 10 years old players. There was no difference between groups in terms of somatotype structures according to their age levels in our study (p>0,05). Again in the study of Polat et al. (2009), no significant difference was encountered between the groups according to the endomorphic component value, but a European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 20 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS significant difference was found between the groups in terms of ectomorphic and mesomorphic components. When we made a comparison of biomotorical data according to the age levels in our study group, the only significant difference was detected in the values of vertical jump and anaerobic power (p<0,05). This difference was also found to be due to the fact that the values of basketball players in the age group of 14 years were higher than the other age groups. In the study of Polat et al. (2003) named the physical fitness levels of footballer children, the values of vertical jump and anaerobic power in the age group of 11 years were higher than that of age group of 9 years whereas significant differences were not detected among the other age groups. While no significant difference at the level of p>0,05 was found in the parameters of vertical jump, anaerobic and aerobic power difference was detected between 11 and 10 years of age and between 10 and 9 years of age, a significant difference at the level of p<0,05 and p<0,01 level was found between 11 and 9 years of age. The results of the researchs which indicated that child athletes in the early adolescence and adolescence period may have a significant difference in the vertical jump and anaerobic power values supported the findings (Hoffman et al., 1995; Katie et al., 2003; Polat and Saygin 2003; Ziyagil et al., 1999). According to the results of the study by Saygin et al. (2011) it was determined that as the ages of the children aged between 11-14 years of age advanced, they showed significantly better performance in terms of anaerobic power values. Tekelioglu (1999) reported in his study that the vertical jump values of male children increased significantly with age. The results of the study by Matavulj et al. (2001) which showed that young age group basketball players had significantly improved vertical jump values supported our findings. The results found by Mero et al. (1990) suggesting the age-related differences in the anaerobic power values of adolescent athletes supported our study results. Saygin et al. (2011) reported that the MaxVO2 value of male children significatly increased with increasing age. The results of our study were in contradiction with the results of this study. The maximum values for males were attained only in the ages of 18-19 years (Cetin, 2000). In childhood, MaxVO2 can be improved by endurance training. However, the level of trainability of aerobic training in healthy active children is limited (Temizisler, 1998). In the study by Savucu et al. (2004) significant differences were found at the p<0.01 level in VO2max parameter as a result of comparison between groups. While a significant difference at the level of p<0.05 was found in favor of younger age group of male basketball players when compared to group of youngest men’s basketball players, a significant difference at the level of p < , was found in favor of group of young men’s basketball players when compared to group of youngest European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 21 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS men’s basketball players and in favor of young basketball players when compared to younger basketball players. The results of the study by Smith et al. (2000) which found that male college athletes showed an increase in VO2max values with age, and the results of the study by Petibois and Deleris (2003) which found significant agedepended differences in VO2max values among young endurance athletes are in contradiction with the findings obtained in our study. In a study by Pekel et al. (2006), they reported the results of 1-mile (1609 m) runwalk test for boys with the mean age of 11.5 years who engaged in athletics as 07: 49 ± 01: 00 sec. In the study by Rowland et al. (1999) on 40 children aged 12.2 ± 0.5 years, they reported the results of 1 mile (1609 m) run-walk test as 09.07 ± 04.05 sec. In the study conducted by Saygın , the mean of -mile (1609 m) run-walk test for the athletes with the mean age of 13,12 years who were engaged in individual sports was reported as 7,64 ± 2,07 s and the mean of 1 mile (1609 m) run-walking test for the athletes with the mean age of 13,41 ± 0,63 years who were engaged in team sports was reported as 7,55 ± 1,31 s. When we compared the findings of these studies with the findings of our study, we see that our performance was lower. No statistically significant difference was detected between the basketballspecific skill tests in our study (p>0,05). The reason for not finding a significant difference was considered to be due to the facts that the technical characteristics of the training programs that we have included in the training programs were similar and the number of weekly training sessions were same. In conclusion, the anthropometric, somatotype, biomotorical characteristics and basketball-specific skill levels of the athletes in our study group were generally similar and the difference between the groups was determined as a significant difference only in the values of humeral diameter, vertical jump and anaerobic power. The study, while demonstrating the strong and weak sides of the athlete, is important for assessing training programs to achieve the desired performance levels by taking growth and development periods into account. A database also can be created in terms of comparing the characteristics of basketball players of the same age group abroad. References 1. Açıkada C. . Training in children. Acta Orthop Traumatol Turc, 38,1: 16-26. 2. Çetin N. (2000). General Conditioning Training and Performance Control in Sport. Tekten Publishing, Niğde. 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Determination of relationship between body composition, anaerobic performance, leg and back force in wrestlers. Gazi Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences,14 (2): 1322. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 24 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS 29. Tamer K. (2000). Measurement and Evaluation of Physical-Physiological Performance of Sports. Bagırgan Publishing, Ankara. 30. Tekelioğlu A. . Physical Fitness of Girls and Boys Aged Between and Who Attend Public And Private Schools. Gazi University, Institute of Health Sciences, Phd. Thesis. Ankara. 31. Temizişler M. . Physical and Physiological Development of Boys Aged 8-9 Participating in Summer Sports Schools. Marmara University, Department of Physical Education and Sports, Master Thesis. İstanbul. 32. Ziyagil MA, Zorba E, Bozatlı S, İmamoğlu O. . Effects of age, sex and exercise habits on speed and anaerobic power in 6-14 years old children. Celal Bayar University Journal of Physical Education and Sports Sciences, 3(3). European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 3 │ Issue 4 │ 2017 25 Umut Canlı COMPARISON OF ANTHROPOMETRIC CHARACTERISTICS, BIOMOTORICAL PERFORMANCE AND SKILL LEVELS OF 12-14 YEARS OLD BASKETBALL PLAYERS Creative Commons licensing terms Authors will retain the copyright of their published articles agreeing that a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) terms will be applied to their work. Under the terms of this license, no permission is required from the author(s) or publisher for members of the community to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt the article content, providing a proper, prominent and unambiguous attribution to the authors in a manner that makes clear that the materials are being reused under permission of a Creative Commons License. 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