European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.51327
Volume 1│Issue 2│2016
THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN
THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG
PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
Harbach Brahim1i, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine3, Djourdem Bendehiba1,
Mokrani Djamel1, Benzidane Hocine1, Benchenni Habib2
Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Mostaganem, Algeria
1
Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Oran, Algeria
2
Institute of Physical Education and Sport, University of Tissemsilt, Algeria
3
Abstract:
This study aims to determine the effectiveness of teaching strategy with games in the
improvement of some physical and motor capacities and among students at the
primary level (6-8 years), where we used the experimental method with two groups
experimental and control. Because the teaching strategy with games is one of the best
methods to stimulate students’ activity and to increase the motives to exercise the
session of physical education and sports, because it depends on the dynamics of team
games similar to the performance during the session. The research was done on a
sample of 32 students representing the experimental sample and 32 students
representing the control sample. And a set of tests was implemented to determine some
physical and motor abilities, after obtaining the results before and after measurements.
After statistical processing of the results, the researchers reach that the effectiveness of
the teaching strategy with games has improved some of the physical and motor
capacities and among students of the primary level (6-8 years).
Keywords: teaching strategy, games, physical abilities
Correspondent author: Harbach Brahim,
email: brahim.harbach@univ-mosta.dz, harbachbrahim@hotmail.fr
i
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
62
Harbach Brahim, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine, Djourdem Bendehiba, Mokrani Djamel,
Benzidane Hocine, Benchenni Habib THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME
PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
1.
Introduction
The Physical Education and Sports has major social importance and represent an
essential part in the continuity of civilization between past and present peoples, given
that, physical education and sports lesson is included in the educational system.
Without doubt, consistent legal and programs rule as the lead in different ways and
methods of teaching. This is what we have reached in Afaf Abdul-Karim as saying that
"…the successful teaching in which it occurs is a mismatch between what is intended and what
is happening in the lesson to reach an agreement" (Afaf Abdul-Karim, 1995).
The teacher must understand a set of standard teaching methods, and in this
regard mention Hanifi Awad that: "…in order to have an effective teacher, there must be the
interaction of values between the teacher and the learner's in the side of good performance and
the response of learners to this performance in the light of the standards Commitment (Awad,
1999, Page 138). On this basis, the teacher must seek to diligence in the development
and discovery of new ways and methods in line with the times and is working to raise
the motivation of pupils and increase the production of knowledge, including teaching
and games strategy, which considered Yassin, of the most important ways that
contribute to the improvement of some of the physical and motor capacities among
students (Yasin, 2006, page 98), which was allocated to this strategy frames and
educators made significant efforts in middle and secondary schools because the concept
of teaching with games, beyond the borders of some games and exercises performed by
students once a week under the supervision of a professor, but became his purposes
and fundamentals, like the rest of subjects, where the professor of this article must
made, especially in the secondary phase; an additional efforts, because the pupil at this
stage seem to be very sensitive in his life (adolescence). For this, the researchers
discussed the proposed educational units using the teaching strategy by games for the
development of some physical and motor abilities of students, and assess its efficacy on
the primary school students (6-8 years).
Teaching has become a body of expertise and teaching skills planned by the
teacher and run in order to help students achieve certain goals. And so that teaching is
achieved by games, it has to be an interaction values between teacher and pupils inside
of sincere performance and the response of pupils to this performance in light of the
standards commitment (Hanifi Awad. 1999, p. 138) and seek to help his disciples to
switch from negative to positive and inertia to effectiveness through various approved
instructional use optimizations appropriate means of teaching, and the use of teaching
playing strategy. But the reality now teaching is the opposite, it has become completely
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
63
Harbach Brahim, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine, Djourdem Bendehiba, Mokrani Djamel,
Benzidane Hocine, Benchenni Habib THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME
PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
what should be the fact that, despite the evidence of the great importance of these skills
(experience) teaching on the practice of teaching work in a scientific manner and
systematic, but many of the teachers working in the field of education, they are still on
about the lack of knowledge and how to apply them because their understanding of the
process of teaching is still and so far limited to some individual privacy. And Muston
and others is noteworthy that this method does not help and understanding that, the
process of interaction between teacher and pupil behavior always reflect a certain
pedagogy, and special education and behavior that result from such behaviors is to
reach to achieve the goals. (Hassan Shehata, 1998, P 15) and in this area confirms Zaki
Mohammed and others (1993) …that teaching improvisational or authoritarian non-studied
and which does not depend on the basics of effective teaching, be the result of limited progress
and quickly is limited". (Mohammed Zaki , 1993, P 98), in parallel with the current reality
of teaching and based on direct interviews, and field visits completed, the researchers
believe that the teaching work in this field is based on the continuous use of imperative
method, which included, in essence, some of the peculiarities of teaching; random,
authoritarian and spontaneity in teaching without a trace to send a strategy of teaching
interaction and cooperation between the parties to the stimulus and the teaching
process, and therefore we decided in this research to ask the following question: Did
the use of the teaching strategy by games influenced the improvement of physical capacities and
motors capabilities of the primary school students (6-8 years)?
2.
Methods
Researchers have used in this study, the experimental method as the most appropriate
approaches, due to the nature of the research problem and to achieve its objectives and
will enable them to get a high degree of objectivity results.
3.
Areas of research
3.1
The human sphere
The research sample included in the exploratory study was 8 male students. While the
research sample in Applied study included 64 pupils distributed as follows
experimental sample consists of 32 pupils and represent the sample on which we
applied the proposed modules in several events, and the control sample consists of 32
pupils and represent the sample left for the exercise of the share of physical education
with according to their teacher and the ministerial program.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Harbach Brahim, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine, Djourdem Bendehiba, Mokrani Djamel,
Benzidane Hocine, Benchenni Habib THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME
PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
3.2
The time domain
The field study carried out by researchers conducted tests with respect to tribal
08/01/2015 and applied in educational units from 15/01/2015 until 05/03/2015. The
posterior tests have been applied in 03/12/2015 where the same work in the pre-test.
3.3
Spatial field
The field study was conducted with regard to the control and experimental groups in
the secondary school (Bouhamidi Tahir) - Ouled Mimoun - Tlemcen.
3.4
Search tools
The researchers used the following tools: Sources and references, Arab and foreign as
well, as skill tests and physical tests, and were as follows:
-
sit, lie test within 45 s;
-
test bend the torso forward from standing;
-
test ran 30 meters high start of the movement;
-
test throws Medicine Ball 3 kg;
-
vertical jump of stability;
-
test ran 60 meters slowly start;
-
test ran 5 Min.
4.
Results
4.1
Presentation and discussion of the pre-test results for samples of research
The purpose of objective judgments about the nature of the homogeneity between the
samples of the research; control and experimental, through the results of the total tribal
tests, the researchers worked to address the total grades of crude obtained and using
the significance of differences "T", which offers us a way statistically appropriate to
compare the averages of the results and then making judgments about the significance
of differences.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
65
Harbach Brahim, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine, Djourdem Bendehiba, Mokrani Djamel,
Benzidane Hocine, Benchenni Habib THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME
PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
Table 1: The extent of homogeneity between the control and
experimental sample results in the tribal tests
Statistical
A control
Experimental
T
Statistical
measures
sample
sample
calculated
significance
Tests
X1
Y1
X2
Y2
32.59
4.69
32.47
4.33
0.11 Non-significant
17.09
4.03
15.66
4.54
1.32 Non-significant
3.91
0.35
4.10
0.55
1.60 Non-significant
3.33
0.66
3.17
0.59
1.00 Non-significant
Vertical jump of stability
2.74
0.21
2.62
0.21
1.09 Non-significant
Test runs low starting 60 m
9.02
0.40
9.10
0.63
0.65 Non-significant
41569.
83.70
1655.6
78
0.18 Non-significant
Test sitting from lying down
45s
Test bend the trunk of the
front of the stand
Test runs winding 30 m high
starting
Medical Test throws the ball
3 kg of sitting
Test ran 5 min
0.05 level of significance, the degree of freedom (n-2) = 62, T driven 2.00
It has been shown through statistical treatment total crude results tribal of samples of
search using test of differences significance "T" and as described in the Table 1 that all
the values of T, which fluctuated between 0.11 youngest value and 1.60 as the largest
value is smaller than the tabular value and which amounted to the value 2 when the
degree of freedom (2n-2=62) and the level of significance 0.05, which confirms that there
is no significant difference between these averages that is occurring differences between
the averages is not statistically significant and therefore this statistical collection
underlines the extent of heterogeneity that exists between samples in terms of
symmetry in the level of some of the physical attributes.
4.2
Presentation and discussion of the pretest and posttest results for samples of
search
After using statistical significance scale of "T" Student and after the employment and
statistical treatment process, it’s indicated that "T" calculated for the control sample,
which amounted to 2.02,1.12, 0.23,1.07,0.61,1.86,1.92 and are smaller than the value of
T" Driven by the value of 2.042 when the degree of freedom (n-1=31), and significance
level 0.05.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
66
Harbach Brahim, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine, Djourdem Bendehiba, Mokrani Djamel,
Benzidane Hocine, Benchenni Habib THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME
PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
Since the value "T" calculated for the sample control is smaller than the "T" spreadsheet,
the researchers conclude that virtual differences between the mean pre-test and posttest of the sample control results are no statistically significant any that there is no
apparent improvement.
Table 2: Significance of differences between the averages of the results of tests and
tribal posteriori the control sample
Statistical
Measurements
Pre-test
Tests
X1
Test sitting from lying down
45s
Trunk bending forward
standing
The test was the curvy 30m
6 signs
Throwing medicine ball 3kg
seating
The s p g Uncle Woody from
a second
,
Test running 60m low start
Test ran 5 Min
Post-test
Y1
T
Statistical
calculated
significance
X2
Y2
,
.
.
.
Non-significant
,
,
16,75
3,38
.
Non-significant
,
.
3,92
0,40
.
Non-significant
,
,
3,26
0,66
.
Non-significant
,
,
2,72
0,25
.
Non-significant
,
,
9,12
0,39
.
Non-significant
1646,8
81,54
.
Non-significant
,
83.7
After using statistical significance scale of "T" Student and after the employment and
statistical treatment process, it’s indicated that "T" calculated for the experimental
sample amounted to "T" calculated 7.42, 12.19, 7.59,11.18,7.27,8.00,10.02, and are largest
of the values of "T" Driven by the value of 2.042 when the degree of freedom (n-1=31),
and significance level. 0.05.
Since the value of "T" calculated experimental sample is greater than "T"
spreadsheet, the researchers conclude that virtual differences between the mean pretest
and posttest while statistically significant experimental sample for the post-test, and
this is due to the extent of the application of the instruction units using the teaching
strategy by games.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
67
Harbach Brahim, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine, Djourdem Bendehiba, Mokrani Djamel,
Benzidane Hocine, Benchenni Habib THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME
PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
Table 3: Significance of differences between the averages of the results of tests and tribal
posteriori the experimental sample
Statistical
measurements
Pre-test
Post-test
T
Statistical
calculated
significance
Tests
X1
Y1
X2
Y2
Test sitting from lying down
45s
Trunk bending forward
standing
The test was the curvy 30m 6
signs
Throwing medicine ball 3kg
seating
The s p g Uncle Woody from
a second
,
.
.
.
.
Significant
,
,
.
.
.
Significant
,
.
.
.
.
Significant
,
,
.
.
.
Significant
,
,
.
.
.
Significant
Test running 60m low start
,
,
.
.
.
Significant
.
Significant
Test ran 5 Min
4.4
,
.
.
Presentation and discussion of the post-test results for two samples Search
Table (04) shows significant statistically differences between all research samples
(control and experimental) and are for the benefit of the experimental sample in most
physical capacity tests where the value of the calculated between 2.48 and 3.93. They are
greater than the value of the indexed T estimated 02 at significance level 0.05 and the
degree of freedom (2n-2=62), except for the test was the curvy 30m 6 signs and running
60m low start test value calculated 0.37,1.05 which is less than the value of the indexed
T.
On the basis of this statistical achievement, we find that winning virtual
differences between the average test results for samples of the dimensional control and
experimental research statistically significant for the experimental sample for the
development of physical abilities. This is due to the effectiveness of teaching by using
teaching strategy by games on the experimental sample and the extent of the
application of the proposed modules in the development of physical capabilities, while
the control sample differences occurring due to privacy influential in the teaching
session by supervisor Professor in physical education and sport session.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
68
Harbach Brahim, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine, Djourdem Bendehiba, Mokrani Djamel,
Benzidane Hocine, Benchenni Habib THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME
PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
Table 4: Comparison of test results using the dimensional differences significance test "T"
Statistical
measures
Tests
Test sitting from lying down
45s
Trunk bending forward
standing
The test was the curvy 30m 6
signs
Throwing medicine ball 3kg
seating
The s p g Uncle Woody from
a second
Test runs 60m low start
Test ran 5 Min
A control
sample
X1
Y1
Experimental
sample
X2
Y2
T
calculat
ed
Statistical
significance
.
3.76
.
3.62
3.93
Significant
.
3.38
.
3.20
3.63
Significant
.
.
.
0.54
0.37
Non-significant
.
0.66
.
0.66
3.70
Significant
.
0.25
.
0.10
2.48
Significant
.
0.39
.
0.62
1.05
Non-significant
65.42
3.20
Significant
.
81.54
.
0.05 level of significance, the degree of freedom (n-2) = 62 T spreadsheet 2.00
5.
Discussion
Teaching strategy by games has a positive impact on the physical and motor capacities
among students, and to prove this hypothesis, it’s clear to us through the table that
shows the statistical significance of differences occurring between the mean tribal
posteriori the results and samples of the control and experimental research that: The use
of the teaching strategy by games with the experimental sample have had a positive
impact in the development of some physical and motor abilities, where the respondent
found that privacy teaching for the control sample, which was taught under the
supervision of the teacher did not have a positive impact in the development of any
physical and motor capacity.
It has been shown through statistical treatment described using the significance
of differences "T" statistical differences occurring between pretest and posttest on the
experimental sample level results statistically significant in favor of the post-test where
all the values of "T" reached statistical significance at the level of statistical significance
0.05 and the degree of freedom (31) and this is consistent with the results of Ibrahim
Yassin study and Marah El-habib and Ashour Attafi (2006) the theory that there is a
positive impact and of great importance to learn and master the basic skills using the
approach play, and with the study of Ilmain Amine and Halawa Khaled in (2008), the
theory that the proposal modules using some modern teaching methods of teaching
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
69
Harbach Brahim, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine, Djourdem Bendehiba, Mokrani Djamel,
Benzidane Hocine, Benchenni Habib THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME
PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
them the competitive games has a positive effect in the development of some physical
attributes among students in the effectiveness of run barriers and therefore the
hypothesis have been achieved.
Teaching strategy by games has a positive impact on the physical capabilities of
students, it has been shown by using the treatment of statistical significance differences
"T" of statistical developments between the pre-test and post-test on the experimental
sample level differences were statistically significant in favor of the post test, reaching
all the values of "T" statistical significance at the 0.05 level of statistical significance and
degree of freedom. 31, search results agreed with the study, Dr. Ben Si Kaddour Habib,
Dr. Ahmed Ben Klaouz Touati and Dr.Boumsadjad Abdel Kader (2010) argument that
employ cooperative learning strategy using modern stylistic competition has a positive
impact on the development of some capacity kinetics of self-born children of primary
education (8-10 ) years, and agreed with Qahtan Khalil al-Azzawi (2009) study saying
that the use of small games has a positive impact in the development of some of the
physical capabilities of the goalkeepers in football and therefore the research hypothesis
have been achieved.
Teaching strategy with games positively affect motor abilities of pupils, it was
after winning by using the significance of differences "T" statistical treatment show that
the statistical differences occurring between the pre-test and post-test on the
experimental sample level of statistical significance in favor of the post test, reaching all
the values of "T" statistical significance at the 0.05 level of statistical significance and
degree of freedom (31). These findings are consistent with Abdullah Ramadan studies
and Mukhtar Al-Sidik Abdul Haq (2007) the theory that the proposed program of small
games has a positive impact in the development of some elements of the physical
attributes (strength, agility, flexibility) with the experimental sample by studying
physical education and sport, and therefore hypothesis have been achieved.
6.
Conclusions
Through the experiment carried out by researchers in the light of information obtained
from a personal interview with the Inspector of Physical Education and Sports, and the
proposed modules, as well as the applicable tests students in the third year of
secondary education reached as follows:
-
Physical education teachers avoid teaching activities such as running own
endurance (800 m);
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Harbach Brahim, Ouadeh Ahmed El Amine, Djourdem Bendehiba, Mokrani Djamel,
Benzidane Hocine, Benchenni Habib THE EFFECTIVENESS OF TEACHING STRATEGY WITH GAMES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF SOME
PHYSICAL CAPACITIES AMONG PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS (6-8 YEARS)
-
Lack of physical education and sports professors in the teaching effectiveness of
athletics and they are not informed about it;
-
There are significant differences in the results of the post tests in the
development of some physical and kinetic qualities.
Shall the proposed using a teaching strategy by games applied to the
experimental sample modules, positively influenced the development of some of the
physical attributes and kinetic of maximum strength, flexibility, agility, explosive
power, speed transition, endurance.
7.
-
Recommendations
Attention and care of age group (6-8 years) because it is an important stage to
jump to adulthood.
-
Employ modern methods and diversify the ways in physical education and
sports session in accordance with stage age and procedural goals.
-
The teacher has to take into account the physical and motor abilities,
development in order to improve the performance of the various sports events.
-
The use of alternative means in various activities to achieve the objectives of the
teaching process.
-
The use of educational methods proposed by the researchers in the teaching
process for the development of some physical and motor capacities.
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