European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.268658
Volume 2│Issue 5│2016
BAN ON ALCOHOLIC DRINK SALES IN MOTOR PARKS:
FACTS AGAINST ITS WORKABILITY IN ROAD ACCIDENT
PREVENTION IN NIGERIA
Ayodele R. B.i
Dr., Department of Physical and Health Education,
Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile-Ife,
Osun State, Nigeria
Abstract:
This review scrutinized the accident situations in Nigeria, which precipitated the
Federal Government s ban on sales of alcoholic drinks in all motor parks and factors
that negatively affected the workability of the ban in preventing road accidents among
commercial drivers. These were with a view to providing guidelines for effective future
safety policy implementation in Nigeria. The ban was ineffective as a result of poor
enlightenment about the programme, lack of enforcement, lack of evaluation,
assessment reports and follow-up. The research concluded that safety policies and
programmes such as the ban could be an impetus for accident prevention, if these
issues are addressed. Also, empirical researches to evaluate such programmes are
suggested.
Keywords: ban, alcohol drinks, accident, drivers
1. Introduction
The Federal Road Safety Commission (FRSC) was established through Decree No. 45 of
1988 as amended by Decree 35 of 1992, and referred to in the Statute books as the FRSC
Act cap 141 Laws of the Federation of Nigeria (LFN) and passed by the National
Assembly as the FRSC (establishment) Act in 2007. The commission was charged with
the responsibilities of regulating and coordinating all activities of motorists on all public
roads across Nigeria, with the mission of reducing road crash deaths and injuries by
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Ayodele R. B. BAN ON ALCOHOLIC DRINK SALES IN MOTOR PARKS:
FACTS AGAINST ITS WORKABILITY IN ROAD ACCIDENT PREVENTION IN NIGERIA
50% by 2020. This development was prompted in order to combat the rising trends of
road accidents in the country. In their review, Atubi (2015) and Agwubike (2004) found
that the Nigeria Traffic Laws confer wide powers on the FRSC, which by Decree 45 was
not only given the power to arrest and prosecute traffic offenders, but also make
regulations concerning road safety matters.
As part of its many strategies to accomplish its mission therefore, the FRSC
instituted a ban on alcohol sales in and around all motor parks in Nigeria. The ban was
attested by Eze (2012) and Samson (2012). The ban on alcohol sales in motor parks in
Nigeria became very necessary at that time for several reasons; that are discussed in this
column:
a.
High rate of vehicular accidents in Nigeria: The rate of accidents and especially
those involving commercial vehicles in the country soared. On comparative basis,
researchers found that out of the four main modes of travelling, road travel presented
the highest risks in most countries than air, rail, and marine. Ekikhamenor & Agwubike
(2004) regretted that the rate at which accidents especially the traffic ones take place in
Nigeria was not only alarming, but catastrophic. In the same vein, Atubi (2012) found
that in Nigeria, a five-fold increase in traffic-related fatalities was observed over the last
30 years and that the country recorded as many as 18,494 cases of road accidents
between 2001 and 2006, thereby placing it among the fore-front nations experiencing
the highest rate of road tragedy in the world (Alani, 2012). In conformation, Adekoya,
Adepoju & Owoeye (2011) found that as many as 83 (20%) of the commercial drivers
they used had involved in motor vehicle accident in the past 10 years and 70 (20.5%) of
those who had accidents had been involved more than once. Even among official
drivers, Bekibebe, Fawole, Bamgboye, Adekunle, Ajayi & Baiyeroju (2001) found an
accident rate of 11.1%. It is doubted whether or not there has been changes in this trend.
b. Enormous effects of vehicular accidents: The medical, legal and economic
implications of road crashes for the victims, their families as well as the nation are
enormous and called for workable strategies like the ban on alcohol sales in motor
parks to be put in place. Researchers like Fouracre & Jacob (1976); Eze and Downing
(2012) and World Health Organization-WHO (2015) estimated that the cost of accidents
in developing countries is . % of a country s GNP per annum, as a result of morbidity,
mortality and property-related costs. The health implications of accidents range from
short-term illness to more serious and irreparable cases of death. Accident statistics as
obtained from the FRSC indicated that in 2007, road crashes was 8.477 of which 50%
were fatal, 17,794 people were injured, 4,637 lost their lives. In 2014, 35% traffic
accidents were reported (South African National Injury, Mortality Surveillance System,
2016).
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The Head of Commission was reported to have approximated deaths from crashes to
400 people each month excluding deaths that were not registered, because, Atubi (2012)
revealed that police in Nigeria only record crashes with immediate fatalities, making
their data under-estimate the true magnitude of road fatalities. According to
Ehikhamenor & Agwubike (2004) and WHO (2015), death and damaged goods worth
thousands of naira are lost in accidents. In a nutshell, Cancer for Management
Deveiopment (1999) summarised the effects of accidents in these words accidents
wrecks lives, lowers production, increases costs and affects morale.
c.
Strong relationship existing between human errors and accident causation:
The FRSC ban on alcohol sales in motor parks at that time was not out of place because,
Aworeni & Alawode (2009); Atubi (2009); Adeyeye (2010) and Ekenedo (2010) all
established such relationship. According to Aworeni & Alawode (2009) and WHO
(2015), 90% of accidents in Nigeria can be attributed to drivers errors. This statistics was
earlier found by Atubi (2004), who estimated that human errors accounted for 64-95%
of all causes of traffic crashes in developing countries. No wonder, why Kumven, the
Sector Commander of the FRSC in Ekiti State, blamed many auto-crashes in the country
on human errors. These reports were however not synonymous with the finding of
Bekibele, et. al. (2007) who found human error, as an insignificant factor in accident
causation. Though it is agreed that there are environmental and mechanical errors
relating to accidents, yet if the human factor (driver) is careful enough, most accidents
that occurred due to environmental or mechanical factors would have been prevented.
The SHEL Model of accident causation as presented by Ayodele, (2004) indicated
ignorance, carelessness, flouting safety rules, physical defects of and importantly
alcohol drinking by drivers as precipitating life-ware agents in accidents Bekibele, et. al.
(2007) and Guohua, Joane & Qixuan, (2013) shared the same view.
d.
Strong link established between drunkenness and human errors: The fact that
drivers drunkenness is a major factor responsible for human errors, made the ban on
alcohol sales in motor-parks very necessary. It was documented that alcohol use was
second to cigarette use among long distance vehicle drivers (Makanjuola, Oyeleke &
Akande (2008). It was also established that alcohol impairs the driver, making him
susceptible to preventable mistakes while driving. In fact, it was estimated that 50% of
crashes on Nigeria roads are related to alcohol use by the drivers International Council
on Alcohol, Drugs & Traffic Safety-ICADTS (2012) reported that of 1,490 cases in their
study, impairment from alcohol was a major contributing factor to crash causation in
274 (18.4%) cases. Also, more than 40% of the drivers who were alcohol impaired have
incurred at least one previous road infringement.
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In their review, Kehinde & Adegoke (2012) and Atubi (2015) concurred that alcohol has
an important effect on drivers behaviours and performances and that these effects
increase as the Breath Alcohol Concentration (BAC) level increases. The authors
reiterated that cognitive and sensory functions, which are necessary for skillful driving,
could be impaired with alcohol use and that alcohol impairment comes much earlier
before drunkenness or intoxication becomes evident. In their submission, Adekoya, et.
al. (2011) said that alcohol is a central nervous system depressant, which is capable of
causing impairment of mental and motor functions, both of which are critical to the
performance of the driver. The authors further stressed that drunkenness affects
judgment of speed, distance and risk, diplopia and blurred vision. In addition, Dumbili
(2012) & WHO (2016) found that alcohol impairs the ability to be sober, which is prerequisite for driving and safe journey.
The National Highway Traffic Safety Administration-NHTSA (2012) outlined
common misbehaviours upon, which an intoxicated driver can be suspected and
accosted as including; weaving, almost striking objects/vehicle, turning with wide
radius, swerving, too slow speed, stopping without a cause, drifting, following too
closely,
braking
erratically,
tyres
on center
or
land
marker,
driving
into
opposing/crossing traffic, signaling inconsistent with driving actions, turning abruptly
or illegally, accelerating or decelerating rapidly, driving with head light off, appearing
to be drunk, straddling center or lane marker and driving on undesignated roadway.
e.
Uncontrolled accessibility of commercial drivers to alcohol: The ban on alcohol
sales in motor parks was pertinent in order to stop the ease with which, the commercial
drivers access alcohol through the sales outlets in their parks. Many researchers
including; Abiona, Aloba & Fatoye (2006), Adekoya, et al. (2011); Olokesusi (2011)
Oluwadiya & Akinola (2012) and Aditjat & Ritura (2015) agreed that commercial
drivers in Nigeria access alcohol right in their motor parks. For instance, Kehinde &
Adegoke (2012) attested that paraga outlets are located either in or near motor parks in
their Osogbo study location, where commercial drivers and cyclists have easy access to
them, while Adekoya, et.al. (2011) personally observed that drinks in forms of beer, gin,
palm wine are available in some motor parks. In fact, Olokesusi (2011) presented snap
shots of drinks freely displayed on tables and drivers having their drinking spree at a
motor park at Ibadan.
Types of alcohol drinks sold in motor parks include all the three main kinds of
alcoholic beverages; beers (3%-8% alc); wines (8%-12%) and distilled spirits such as
whisky, gin, vodka (40-50%). Others are traditional beverages such as palm wine,
paraga, shepe (Kehinde & Adegoke, 2012); burukutu, pito (3.6%), ogogoro (native gin)
or kai-kai (Karieh, 2003) also known as sapele water.
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2.2
Prevalence of Alcohol Drinking by Commercial Vehicle Drivers
For religious, age, cultural and health reasons, a large non-drinking population exits in
Nigeria, despite this, WHO s
world ranking showed that Nigeria is one of the
nations with highest per capita alcohol consumption level worldwide. Both Gureje, et al
(2007) and WHO, (2016) attested that alcohol is the most commonly used drug and that
heavy episodic drinking rather than moderate drinking is common among users in
Nigeria. The high rate of drinking by drivers is attributable to their proximity to alcohol
outlets among other factors (ICADTS, 2012). A research conducted in Port Harcourt and
Ile-Ife by Abiona, et al. (2006) showed that the prevalence rate of drinking by
commercial drivers was 67.2% and out of the drinking drivers, 47% were heavy users,
15.3% were moderate users, while 37.7% were mild/occasional users. It was also found
that majority (74.5%) of the drivers reported drinking after work, while only 1.9%
reported drinking during work and that only 13.5% drank in the morning. These
findings contradicted Kehinde & Adegoke (2012), who found that majority of paraga
vendors started their sales at motor parks as early as 6.00am and that by 8.00am, all of
them had begun selling and that they make their briskest sales in the morning.
Adekoya, et. al. (2011) confirmed that 99 (24.8%) drivers in their study consumed
alcohol and cigarette regularly, while as many as 63% of paraga sellers said that they
have been seeing people get drunk with paraga.
2.3
Reasons Why Drivers Use Alcohol
As stated by Kehinde & Adegoke (2012), driver s beliefs in the curative effects of an
extra-ordinary range of ailments might have been the reason for using paraga, but
Adekoya, et.al. (2011) submitted that long distance drivers who are usually under more
stress use alcohol to reduce such stress. Additionally, Abiona, et al. (2006) found that
frustration that is associated with driving tops the list of reasons adduced for drinking
and that age bears relevance to current drinking. In actual sense, drinking and driving
habits were linked to the persuasive perception and general notion that alcohol helps
them to shine their eyes that is, to be alert while driving.
2.4
Drunk-Driving Situation among Commercial Vehicle Drivers in Nigeria
Drunk-driving according to NHTSA (2012) is the act of operating or driving a motor
vehicle, while under the influence of alcohol or drugs to the degree that mental and
motor skills are impaired. It is also called by any of the following names: Driving Under
the Influence of Alcohol (DUI); Driving While Intoxicated (DWI); Operating While
Impaired (OWI) or Operating a Vehicle under the Influence (OVI). Worldwide, drunkdriving is a criminal offence which attracts varying degree of penalties. In Nigeria,
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Ayodele R. B. BAN ON ALCOHOLIC DRINK SALES IN MOTOR PARKS:
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drunk-driving is a serious problem and ICADTS (2012) estimated that between 60% and
70% of commercial drivers engage in drinking and driving. Adekoya, et al. (2011) had
reasons to conclude that drivers in Nigeria drive under influence, because they found in
their review that the blood alcohol level of drivers involved in road accidents was high.
In Lagos State, out of 2,500 commercial drivers tested for drugs and drunkenness, 441
(17.64%) were positive to drugs and alcohol, whereas, drunk-driving was found to
positively correlate with drivers involvement in fatal accidents (WHO, 2002; Anderson,
et.al., 2009; NHTSA, 2012; WHO, 2016). It was also estimated that drivers with BAC of
0.10% are six to twelve times more likely to get into a fatal crash or injury than those
with no alcohol. It was however stressed that a major reason for high rate of drunkdriving in Nigeria is that the country lacks a legal maximum BAC making it difficult to
prosecute individuals for impaired driving.
2.5
How could the Ban have affected Alcohol Use and Accident Reduction?
If the ban on alcohol sales in motor parks in Nigeria had been effectively implemented,
it could have helped in reducing alcohol use rate and accident reduction on Nigeria
roads in many ways:
1. Drivers access to alcohol especially during work hours would have been
drastically reduced or completely removed.
2. If the reasons for the ban are well disseminated to the drivers, they would have
been more enlightened on risks of drunk-driving and especially accidents.
3. When alcohol drinking is eliminated, drivers are likely to have better control of
their vehicles, because drunk-driving has been associated with poor vehicle
control.
4. Health-related issues experienced after alcohol consumption like; headache,
blurred, vision and drowsiness interfering with good driving would have been
eliminated.
5. Traffic misbehaviors like beating the traffic light, not respecting pedestrian
crossing and many others that can cause accidents would have been put to check.
6. Drivers would have been able to conserve money to maintain their vehicles
instead of expending it on excessive drinking, thereby preventing accidents that
might occur due to poor vehicle maintenance or mechanical faults.
7. Drivers would have been having enough rest periods between trips instead of
filling their resting times at their parks with non-beneficial activities like alcohol
drinking.
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2.6
Issues springing from the Ban on Alcohol Sales in Nigeria Motor-parks
Today, Nigerians are reaching conclusions that ban or no ban on alcohol sales, accident
still occur in great numbers as before. This however translates to the fact that the ban is
not in any way effective, an opinion confirmed by Samson (2004). However, before
making such conclusions, some facts need to be scrutinized and some questions need to
be answered.
Before the said ban was instituted, were the drivers (either in the rural or urban)
enlightened on the ban? Do they know what they, their families and the nation
stand to benefit? What forms of enlightenment were they given? Who provided
enlightenment? How regularly was enlightenment provided?
After the ban was instituted, more questions still arose on compliance. By
Nigeria standard, the language understood when it comes to compliance with
rules is force. Was the ban enforced? If so, who enforced it? What penalty? Were
the alcohol sellers carried along? How firm was the enforcement? Were problems
such as; favoritism, bribery and corruption stemmed in the course of enforcing
the ban? Today, mere observations at many motor parks in Nigeria, show that
alcohol sales in them is far from being banned, because not only are large
varieties of alcoholic drinks sold, but sellers cluster in great numbers in the parks
at both rural and urban centres. Also, alcohol hawkers go in and out of the parks
to make their sales without restriction. Those who are supposed to enforce the
regulation are found patronizing the alcohol sellers as they transit from town to
town via the parks. How many of the supposed ban enforcement agents are ever
motivated to carry out such dangerous assignments of enforcing a regulation on
very diabolic and fetish local population. Motivation here is not only limited to
monetary issues alone like salary increase etc but extends to provision of
enabling environments, protection, facilities and equipment as needed by those
empowered to enforce the ban. Many times regulations are seemingly enforced
at the outset, only for it to be completely relaxed and eventually go into oblivion
as time passes and new governments are put in place. Suffice to say that, it is one
thing to set a regulation and another thing to effect it.
(c) Given the facts that laws, have been made and even enforced, the need to
assess and re-assess the programme to confirm its effectiveness is obvious.
Assessment will help to ascertain the efficacy of the project. In the Nigeria
situation regarding alcohol ban in motor parks, since it was instituted, has any
assessment to confirm its workability been carried out? How many of such
studies are available? How regularly are the studies carried out? Who did the
researches? Where are the reports? Even if there are reports, have they been
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Ayodele R. B. BAN ON ALCOHOLIC DRINK SALES IN MOTOR PARKS:
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followed up? The answers to all these questions are obviously not there to make
reference to. These are some of the obvious issues rendering the ban ineffective
in reducing road accidents.
3. Conclusions and Recommendation
On the basis of this review, it was concluded that instituting ban on alcohol sales in
motor parks could have been an antidote to road accident prevention, if it had been
truthfully enforced, evaluated, reported and followed up. Therefore, the following
recommendations are made for future programmes:
1. Public enlightenment before bans are instituted: Drivers, alcoholic drink
hawkers, shops owners and the community must be carried along.
2. Good enforcement programme, reinforced by selection of honest officials, good
equipment, proper remuneration and super protection of officials will ensure
compliance.
3. Regular evaluation of the ban to identify its successes, and weaknesses.
4. Evaluation results should be reported and followed up promptly.
5. More academic researches on accident and safety on the road, which provide
baseline accident statistics is recommended
6. Empirical study comparing accident statistics among drivers in ban-compliant
and non-compliant motor parks in various parts of Nigeria should be carried out.
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