European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.225677
Volume 2│Issue 6│2016
THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF
TRAINING AND DIETS ON BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN
FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
Ocak Yücel1i, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha2
Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Physical Education and Sports,
1,2
Afyonkarahisar, Turkey
Abstract:
Regular physical exercise supersedes physical pressure in the body and it stimulates
bone growth. It provides benefits to general health and protects bone mass and
especially increases bone mineral density. Based on these considerations, the aim of this
study is to evaluate the bone mineral density of elite footballers and wrestlers. The
effects of different training methods, the frequency and volume of training and protein,
carbohydrate and vitamin intake on footballers and wrestlers bone mineral density was
examined. This present study was conducted with a total of 90 volunteers and 30
wrestlers, at the age of 24-30, at the level of national team, 30 footballers and 30
sedentary participants. The measurements of bone mineral density was measured in
two parts of body with the Dual Energy X Ray Absorbtiometry (DXA) method by using
Densitometry and with the equipment GE LUNAR DPX-NT, Madison, USA (L1, L4 and
femur). RESULTS: When the athletes who took part in the study were examined, AP
spine bone mineral density was calculated as 1,41 gr/cm2 among the wrestlers, 0.63
gr/cm2 among the footballers, and -0,74 gr/cm2 among the control group and the values
were statistically significant. Although all groups used vitamins, the difference in
intakes was statistically found significant (p<0.05). Bone mineral density of wrestlers
who train for longer durations with more mechanical loading to bone mass with
anaerobic system and who take more vitamin, mineral and carbohydrate was found to
be higher than those of footballers and sedentary group
Keywords: bone mineral density, physical activity level, diet
i
Corresponding Author: Yücel Ocak, Phd, Afyon Kocatepe University, School of Physical Education and Sports,
Afyonkarahisar, Turkey; E-mail: yocak@aku.edu.tr
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
1. Introduction
Bones are important as they carry the body and protect the organs. The outer layer of
bones consists of cortical or intense tissue while the inner parts consist of spongiform
tissue. The structure of both these tissues show variation according to the type,
structure and function of the bone in which they appear (Thorsen et al., 1999, GómezCabello, A. et al. 2015). In addition, bone features also show variety in terms of race, age
and sex; and they also change from person to person (Pollock, N. et al. 2010).
The bone mass in female and male humans increases constantly until the age of
20-30 and reaches its peak at the age of 25 in females and at the age of 30 in males.
Genetic makeup and sex have an important role in the peak bone mass. After the age of
25-30, when the bone mass reaches its peak, it reduces in both sexes, though very slowly
at the beginning (Vicente 2006).
The recent recommendations about physical activity, physical convenience and
healthy lifestyles are that a healthy bone skeleton involves the health of all other body
systems. Since the average life span of people is increasing and since a substantial part
of the world’s population falls within a high age class, the importance of decayed and
impaired skeleton systems has increased. Thus, at all ages, sports and physical activity
play a key role in people’s life. Thus, stress related fractures and sudden crash fractures
have the potential to create serious problems especially for females. While these
problems can result in temporary ailments and deprivation of sport in young and
persons athletes, they generally result in unbearable aches and appearance
deformations in older adults (Tüzün 1998).
Nowadays, many health problems can be treated with exercise. The protective
importance of physical exercise is not only reducing bone loss and improving muscle
strength, but also in reducing the risk of fractures. Regular physical exercise supersedes
physical pressure in the body and it stimulates bone growth. It provides benefits to
general health and protects bone mass and especially increases bone mineral density
Arıncı and Elhan
.
Among individual sports, wrestling can be defined as the struggle of
subordination between two wrestlers using their intelligence, strength and technical
skills without using any tool on a wrestling mat of a size stated in FILA rules
(Aktümsek 2001).
In other words, footballers generally prepare for matches through trainings,
which involve aerobic endurance, speed and agility, while wrestlers generally prepare
by performing maximal power in static straining in their trainings, which requires
anaerobic endurance. Physical activity and mechanic straining are important factors in
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
determining bone mass, structure and power. The size of straining has a greater effect
on bone mass than the number of straining periods (Tsuji et al., 1995).
Daily consumption of carbohydrates as compound, base carbohydrates and in
powder form is important for healthy nutrition and sportive performance. Sportsmen
use carbohydrates intensively since they delay tiredness at long trainings, which require
stability G(neş
.
Vitamin A adjusts the balance of osteoblast and osteoclast activities. With at it,
the structure of the bone is damaged since osteoblasts cannot realize the synthesis of
sufficient primary material. As it is known, the excess of vitamin A is also harmful as its
deficiency (Aktümsek 2001).
Vitamin C is a variant of monosaccharide. While working as an antioxidant,
vitamin C takes place in the reactions, which help the construction of protein collagens
(Pehlivan 2005).Without it, dentin production in the teeth, bone and cartilage is
disturbed and the bone is demineralized. With the increase in deficiency, some illnesses
seen in bone fractures are observed (Solak 1999).
Vitamin D organizes the calcium metabolism. Calcium, transferred to blood, is
again transferred to the bones with the help of vitamin D. Thus, the bones are stiffened.
Low bone density puts the sportsman at high risk for fractures and injuries that may
lead to the end of a sports career (Pehlivan 2005).
Wrestlers at sporting events, which generally last for a short time, use static
muscular contractions, a high pressure on bones and to a greater extent anaerobic
energy system. Footballers dominantly use their aerobic energy systems and dynamic
muscle contractions. As a result, it is thought that they work with such straining during
trainings.
Knowing the influence of specific training styles of footballers and wrestlers with
different training forms and their protein, carbohydrate and vitamin intake on bone
structure and development is important for acquiring more efficiency in their active
sport life, preventing injuries related to bone tissue and maintaining a high quality and
healthy life in the future.
Wrestlers generally train and compete with static (isometric) loadings and
intensively with their anaerobic energy system. On the other hand, football players
train and compete with dynamic (isotonic) loadings and with longer loadings that use
their anaerobic and aerobic energy systems. There are differences with regards to
physical and physiological features and metabolic loadings of wrestlers and football
players. It is known that different loading types show a different muscular
development in sportsmen. There are few studies that examine the effects of training
with static and dynamic loadings on bone mineral density.
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
In this context, clearly explaining the effect of the types of static and dynamic exercises
on bone mineral density can offer new approaches for doctors, people receiving
physical therapy and in rehabilitation, training scientists, coaches, and athletes.
Furthermore, the effect of eating habits on bone mineral density is also explored in the
present study.
Based on these considerations, the aim of this study is to evaluate the bone
mineral density of elite footballers and wrestlers.
2. Material and Method
2.1 The Grouping and Selection of Subjects
90 participants, between the ages of 19 and 20, took part in this study. The subjects were
divided into three equal groups. Each group consisted of 30 persons. The first group
consisted of wrestlers, the second of footballers and the last of sedentary subjects, who
served as control. The wrestlers and the footballers were selected from athletes who had
had an active sport life for 4 years at the elite level of elite. Athletes without a history of
injury for the last six months were included into the study. All participants signed a
written consent form. The control group, which consisted of 30 sedentary people, was
chosen from people who had the same physical features.
2.2 Survey
A survey was distributed to the chosen athletes before bone screening and with the goal
to determine whether athletes had any drawbacks or not. The survey was conducted as
of an individual interview by the same interviewer.
2.3 Measurement of Body Weight and Height
The body weight of the participants was measured with a precision scale measuring 0150kg weight (BMI) while they were in their shorts, t-shirts and bare feet.
2.4 Measuring of Bone Mineral Density (BMD)
Bone mineral density was measured in two parts of the body with the Dual Energy X
Ray Absorbtiometry (DXA) method using Densitometry and with the equipment GE
LUNAR DPX-NT, Madison USA (L1, L4 and femur). The measurements were randomly
made by the same paramedics. In the measurements of both parts, Bone Mineral
Density (BMD) measured in gr/cm2 and the z-scores according to NIHANES/USA
reference population values were analyzed. All measurements were made in August
during the teams’ preparation camps.
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
2.5 Statistical Analysis
In the statistical analysis, the Mann-Whitney U test in two-grouped comparison and the
One Way ANOVA, Kruskal Wallis and Correlation tests in three grouped comparisons
were used. The results were evaluated at 0.01 and 0.05 significance levels.
According to the results obtained from bone densitometry, the Z score was defined as
the standard deviation by comparing it to the patient’s bone mass’ age and type. For
clinical diagnosis, the classification based on the WHO’s bone mass measurement was
used (WHO Technical Report Series,. 1994).
3. Findings
Table 1: The Comparisons of Wrestling, Football and Control Groups’ Age, Height and Weight
Age
(year)
*Height
(cm)
Body Weight
(kg)
Branch
N
Mean
Std. Deviation
Wrestling
30
22,24
1,62
Football
30
22,09
1,76
Control Group
30
21,47
1,28
Wrestling
30
172,83
6,25
Football
30
177,33
6,68
Control Group
30
176,43
6,81
Wrestling
30
72,03
13,52
Football
30
70,16
6,66
Control Group
30
71,23
14,23
P
,141
,024*
,634
*P<0,05
In Table , no statistically significant difference is seen in the proportions of wrestlers’,
footballers’ and control group’s age, weight, while a statistically meaningful difference
is observed in their height value (0,05).
Table 2: Comparison of Athletes’ Weekly Training Numbers and Daily Training Hours
Weekly Training Number (day)
Duration of Daily Training (hour)
N
(x ± sd)
(x ± sd)
Wrestling
30
5,70 ± 0,749
3,32 ± 0,802
Football
30
4,60 ± 0,563
2,40 ± 0,707
0,000*
0,000*
P
*P<0,01
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
In Table 2, it is seen that there is a statistically meaningful difference between wrestlers’
and footballers’ number of weekly training days and daily training hours.
Table 3: Athletes’ Bone Mineral Measurements and Z Scores
Wrestling
BMD
24,00 ± ,574
Football
22,76 ± ,628 ab
,41 ± ,028 a
1,31 ± ,022 b
1,14 ± ,025 c
SZ
1,41 ± ,230 a
,63 ± ,181 b
-,74 ± ,206 c
FBMD
1,38 ± ,029 a
1,30 ± ,021 b
1,15 ± ,028 c
FZ
2,15 ± ,230 a
1,49 ± ,159 b
,39 ± ,224 c
SBMD
22,00± ,342
Control
b
a
P< 0,05
Note: The letters in the same line show that there were differences among groups.
Table 4: Comparison of the groups’ protein, carbohydrate and vitamin intake
Protein
Carbohydrate
Vitamin
Yes
No
Yes
No
Yes
No
n
14
16
14
16
18
12
%
46,7
53,3
46,7
53,3
60,0
40,0
N
7
23
5
25
11
19
%
23,3
76,7
16,7
83,3
36,7
63,3
N
-
30
-
30
9
21
%
-
100
-
100
30,0
70,0
Wrestling
Football
Control
P
,000**
*P<0,05
,000**
,047*
**P<0,01
Table 3 shows that there are differences between wrestlers, footballers and the control
group with respect to their protein, carbohydrate and vitamin intake. The statistical
significance for this difference is p<0,01 for protein and carbohydrate intake and p<0,05
for vitamin intake.
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
Table 5: The Relation between Bone Mineral Density and the Athletes’ Daily
Training Duration and Number of Trainings per Week
SBMD SZ FBMD FZ
Pearson
SBMD
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
SZ
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
FBMD
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
FZ
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
Weekly Training Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
Numbers
N
Pearson
Daily Training
Correlation
Duration
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
Branch
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
1
1,000** ,746** ,750**
Weekly Training Daily Training Branch
Numbers
Duration
,567**
,548**
-,620**
,
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
1,000**
1
,567**
,546**
-,616**
,000
,
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
,746 ,746**
1
,998**
,497**
,499**
-,535**
,000
,000
,
,000
,000
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
1
,502**
,496**
-,540**
,746** ,751**
,750** ,751** ,998**
,000
,000
,000
,
,000
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
1
,671**
-,635**
,567** ,567** ,497** ,502**
,000
,000
,000
,000
,
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
,671**
1
-,743**
,548** ,546** ,499** ,496**
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
-,635**
-,743**
1
-,620** -,616** -,535**
,540**
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
Table 6: The Relation between Bone Mineral Density and
Protein, Carbohydrate and Vitamin in Sportsman
SBMD SZ FBMD FZ
Pearson
SBMD
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
SZ
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
FBMD
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
FZ
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
Weekly Training Correlation
Numbers
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
Daily Training
Correlation
Duration
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Pearson
Branch
Correlation
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
1
1,000** ,746** ,750**
Weekly Training Daily Training Branch
Numbers
Duration
,567**
,548**
-,620**
,
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
1,000**
1
,567**
,546**
-,616**
,000
,
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
,746 ,746**
1
,998**
,497**
,499**
-,535**
,000
,000
,
,000
,000
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
1
,502**
,496**
-,540**
,746** ,751**
,750** ,751** ,998**
,000
,000
,000
,
,000
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
1
,671**
-,635**
,567** ,567** ,497** ,502**
,000
,000
,000
,000
,
,000
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
,671**
1
-,743**
,548** ,546** ,499** ,496**
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,
,000
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
-,635**
-,743**
1
-,620** -,616** -,535**
,540**
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,000
,
90
90
90
90
60
60
90
** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
4. Discussion
In the present study, the bone mineral density of wrestlers and footballers at the elite
level, and a control group was measured. Moreover, the effect of frequency, volume of
training and diets on bone mineral density was investigated. In terms of arithmetic age,
the average age of wrestlers was 22.24 years, that of footballers was 22.09 years and that
of the control group was 22.47years. The arithmetical average of their body weight was
72.03 kg for the wrestlers, 70.16 kg for the footballers, and 71.23 kg for the control
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 6 │ 2016
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
group. The average height was 172.83cm for wrestlers, 177.33cm for footballers, and
176.43cm for the control group. While no statistically meaningful difference in age and
weight was observed among the wrestlers, the footballers and the control group, a
statistically meaningful difference (p<0.05) was observed in their height. This was due
to the fact that the wrestlers were shorter than the footballers and the control group,
which can be attributed to the features of these sport branches.
The participants’ bone mineral densities were measured at two different points
in the body, the AP spine and femur. The average AP spine bone mineral density was
1.41 gr/cm2 in the wrestlers, 0.63 gr/cm2 in the footballers, and -0.74 gr/cm2 in the control
group. The average bone mineral density as measured in the femur was 2.15gr/cm 2 in
the wrestlers, 1.49gr/cm2 in the footballers, and 0.39 gr/cm2 in the control group. Thus, a
statistically significant difference was observed in the bone mineral densities of the
three groups (p<0.05). In other words, the wrestlers have a higher bone mineral density
in both the AP spine and femur than the footballers and the control group, and the
footballers have a higher bone mineral density in both the AP spine and femur than the
control group.
Wrestlers complete their match in a short time. Specific to their sport, they train
by doing anaerobic endurance exercises while footballers engage in aerobic and
anaerobic straining equally in their matches. These straining features lead to different
bone mineral density. In other words, the wrestlers strain bone tissue more than the
footballers in both their matches and trainings. Consequently, the bone mineral density
of the wrestlers is higher than the footballers and the control group.
When the daily hours of training were examined, it was found that the wrestlers
trained an average of 3.32 hours and the footballers 2.40 hours per day. These
differences between the groups hours of training was statistically significant at p< 0.01.
When the participant groups were asked how many days they trained, the
average was 5.70 days for the wrestlers, and 4.60 days for the footballers. This shows
that the wrestlers trained one day more than the footballers. The differences between
the number of training days were statistically significant (p<0.01).
The correlation test performed shows that the number of training sessions per week
and the duration of a training session affected bone mineral density. Differences were
statistically significant at p< 0.01.
The fact that wrestlers train more times per week and that their training has a
longer duration indicates that the wrestlers strain their bone tissue more than the
footballers. Consequently, the wrestlers have a higher bone mineral density than both
the footballers and the sedentary group. In other words, the number of trainings per
week and the duration of trainings affect bone mineral density in a positive way.
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
The investigation of literature supports the findings of our study. Ağaşcıoğlu et al.
Ağaşcıoğlu et al.
examined the relation between exercise duration and bone
mineral density, and found that a group of male basketball players and a group of
female basketball players that trained for over 450 hours per year had very similar bone
mineral densities. In addition, all the male basketball players in a group whose total
training time was over 2000 hours had a higher bone mineral density value than a
group of male basketball players that trained under 2000 hours totally. This group was
compared with a group of female basketballers with the same training, and it was
found that the bone mineral density of the male basketball players was higher than that
of the female group. However, the groups of male basketball players and female
basketball players who trained less than 2000 hours were found to have similar bone
mineral densities.
Snead found that in sports such as artistic skating and gymnastics, which involve
high straining, the athletes’ bones are protected from osteoporosis (Snead et al 1992).
Wilks et al. point out in one of their studies that the mechanical straining on middle
distance and long distance running increases bone mineral density in athletes.
Additionally, they state that this increase is higher in females than in males (Wilks et al.
2009).
He et al. conducted their research on 1169 males between August 2003 and
December 2005. They divided their subjects into 3 groups, the first of which trained
often, the second group of which trained occasionally, and the third of which never
trained. As a result, they found that physical activities increase bone mineral density in
males’ L and L lumbar spine He et al.
.
Sivrikaya states that athletes who engage in sports which require strength are
found to have a higher bone mineral density in the lumbar spine, femur and arm than
their controls. He also ranks athletes with respect to bone mineral density noting that
weight-lifters have the highest bone mineral density, followed by pitchers, runners,
footballers and swimmers (Sivrikaya 2000).
Pigozzi et al. stated that bone mineral density decreases in years, and that such
problems as morbidity, mortality, dysfunction and deformity can be prevented with
regular exercise during adolescence (Pigozzi et al. 2009).
In a similar study, Obradovic et al. studied 28 swimmers, 32 footballers and a
control group during puberty. The swimmers trained 8-12 hours per week, the
footballers trained 10-15 hours per week depending on their branches, and the control
group exercised 1,5 hour per week. After these trainings which continued for a year, it
was seen that there was a meaningful difference among the groups in terms of body
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BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
mass index, but no differences were observed in terms of bone mineral density
(Obradovic et al. 2009).
Madsen et al. found that the athletes who have a part in weight shouldering
branches have higher bone mineral density in the part of total lumbar spine and cervix
of femur than sedentary control group at the same age (Madsen et al.1998). Sing et al.
expressed that resistance exercises affect bone mineral density in females in a positive
way (Sing et al. 2009).
The groups involved in this study were asked about their intake of proteins and
protein granules and it was found that 46.7% of the wrestlers used protein and
carbohydrate containing ergogenic supplements, and that 23 % of the footballers used
protein containing ergogenic supplements, and 16.7% used carbohydrate containing
supplements. The wrestlers were found to use more protein and carbohydrate
containing supplements than the footballers. The controls were found not to use any
protein or carbohydrate containing supplements. The differences among the groups’
use of supplements were statistically significant (P<0.01).
When the vitamin intake of the groups was compared, 60% of the wrestlers,
36.7% of the footballers and 30% of the control group were found to use vitamins.
Although all groups used vitamins, the difference was statistically significant (p<0.05).
Bielohuby et al. conducted a 4-week experiment on growing mice and found significant
differences in the bone development and bone mineral density of mice fed normally
and mice fed with a low protein and low carbohydrate containing feed. Considerable
decreases in the body growth in length and BMD were observed in the mice on a low
protein and carbohydrate diet when compared to those on a normal diet (Bielohuby et
al. 2010).
In a study by Holm et al. it was found that an increased protein intake has a
positive effect on bone development in post-menopausal women (Holm et al. 2008).
Ballard and colleagues also found that an increased protein intake combined with light
exercise results in an increase in the BMD of men and women (Ballard et al. 2006).
Moschonis et al. applied a Ca and vitamin D3 diet on 66 post-menopausal women for 30
months and found a substantial increase in their BMD and their total spine (Moschonis
et al. 2010).
The inspection of these literature findings show, that carbohydrate, protein and
vitamin (calcium and vitamin D) intake have a positive contribution on BMD. In our
study group, it is seen that the wrestler take more carbohydrate, protein and vitamin
than the other two groups. The influence rate of protein, carbohydrate and vitamin
intake of groups over BMD is at 0.05 level statistically. Correlation test applied in our
study show that protein, carbohydrate and vitamin intake has a significant effect on
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Ocak Yücel, Gölünük Başpinar Sebiha THE EFFECTS OF FREQUENCY AND VOLUME OF TRAINING AND DIETS ON
BONE MINERAL DENSITY IN FOOTBALLERS AND WRESTLERS
BMD. Naturally, this situation led BMD of wrestlers to be better than the other two
groups.
In the light of the literature above, exercise can be said to have a positive effect
on BMD, especially when exercise is straining and combined with a carbohydrate,
protein and vitamin (calcium and vitamin D) intake. Our findings are supported by the
literature.
The correlation tests in this study revealed that a protein, carbohydrate and
vitamin intake significantly affected BMD p< ,
. The degree to which the groups’
protein, carbohydrate and vitamin intake affected their BMD is at the 0,05 significance
level.
As is known, bone mineral density is affected by different factors such as diet
type, medicine use, calcium intake and gender. In this study, the survey revealed that
the athletes did not use medicine, did not take calcium and followed a similar nonspecific diet.
As a result; in the current study, it has been seen that static loads increase bone
mineral density more than dynamic loads. Moreover, increasing daily training time and
the number of weekly training sessions provides a positive contribution towards the
development of bone mineral density.
These findings may have implications for the development of new approaches
and training methods for trainers and athletes, as well as for doctors and medical
scientists involved in the treatment of decrease or insufficient development of bone
mineral density.
Funding
The funding of the present study was provided by Afyon Kocatepe University-Scientific
Research Project Commission (07 BESYO 01).
Acknowledgements
We are also thankful to Prof. Dr. Vural KAVUNCU, president of the Department of
Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation for his contribution to the study.
Conflict of interest
The authors have declared that no competing interest exists.
Ethical approval
Moreover, prior to the measurements, the approval of the Afyon Kocatepe University
Medicine Faculty Ethics Committee was obtained for the study.
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