European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.217169
Volume 2│Issue 4│2016
EXERCISE IS MEDICINE: ELDERLY,
THE FORGOTTEN AGE GROUP IN AFRICAN COMMUNITIES
Mugari Abishai
Department of Physical Education and Sport,
Zimbabwe Open University, Marondera, Zimbabwe
Abstract:
The World Assembly on Ageing (1982) in Vienna recommended that social, cultural
and leisure activities are necessary for the elderly and should be provided by each
country. This study was motivated by an unfair situation the elderly found themselves
living in, that is, a sedentary life-style which is prone to chronic diseases. The elderly
are left out not enjoying the health significance of physical activities. Contemporary
research findings have also invigorated this recommendation by concluding that
exercise is medicine. In light of this philosophy, the objectives of this study were to
identify right sport and exercise activities for the elderly, to examine the experiences of
the elderly people in Zimbabwe and come up with solutions to sedentary lives, since it
is common among the elderly to live passive lives in the comfort of their families, and
as such, this age group is prone to diseases yet according to AIDS/HIV activists, these
elders are the ones bearing the brunt of AIDS/HIV as guardians of orphans and
vulnerable children whose parents have perished because of this deadly disease. This
study employed a case study as the design method and it was a pure qualitative
research which used interviews and documentary analysis as data generating
instruments. The major findings of this study were that old aged people are eager and
capable of doing sports and exercise, lack of infrastructural provision deters old aged
people from doing sport and exercises. It is the African culture that does not motivate
old people to do sport. There is lack of knowledge on benefits accrued from doing sport
and exercises. The study recommends African states to take initiative to introduce sport
for the old aged people. Families should be educated on benefits accrued by the elderly
if they participate in sporting life style.
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Keywords: the elderly, ageism, sport, exercise, “lzheimer s disease
1. Background of the Study
Sport and exercise activities have long been a preserve for young ages in most African
communities with only older members of the white families in African countries seen
taking sport and exercise as a hobby. The sociological perspective is that African
cultures do not encourage elderly people to participate in sport and exercise as these
elderly members of society are crowned with much respect and a host of family
advisory responsibilities.
The passive life style experienced by the elderly has rendered them weak and
prone to chronic diseases, for instance; cancer, obesity, blood hyper-tension, sugar
diabetes, “lzheimer s disease and others, (Caplan and Smith, 2005). The research
findings from World Health Organization (WHO) 2014 report show that it is the old
aged who consume most of the “frican countries health budgets by frequently being
under disease attacks. The philosophy exercise is medicine’ applies to all ages, younger
or older; therefore, it should be that once African community elderly people are
motivated to practice sport and exercise, families and governments would be relieved
of health budgetary constraints. The Bible says a merry heart does good like medicine ,
(Proverbs 17:22), therefore, since sport brings happiness, it is imperative that even the
old people should enjoy doing sport to control other chronic diseases that attack them
due to stress.
Some countries like America, motivated by the consciousness of maintaining
appropriate levels of health led to legislative amendment of the Older Americans Act as
long back as 1975 (Moran, 1979 in Davis, Kimmet and “uty
to include services
designed to enable older persons to obtain and maintain physical and mental well-being through
programs of regular activity and exercise", (World Assembly on Ageing 1982, Vienna). This
epitomizes the efforts by other countries to consider healthy life-style for the usually
forgotten age group, unfortunately in underdeveloped African countries the old age
group is predominantly not recognized in terms of urging them to participate in sport
and exercise life-style, the reason being that there is no economic gains from sponsors
and media do not cover any sport for the elderly.
Zimbabwe government recognizes the inclusion of all age groups in sport and
exercise activities since it is a signatory to the International Declaration of Human
Rights. Programs like Sports for All, and Community Sport, are evidence of efforts to
this consideration. It is unfortunate that economic instability, cultural beliefs, poverty,
lack of knowledge and negative attitude, influenced the elderly not to partake sport and
exercise activities, hence this study aimed at coming up with types of sport activities
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and exercises suitable to the elderly and ways to encourage them to do sport and
exercise as it is their human right. This study took an advocacy/participatory worldview
as the appropriate pathway to mitigate factors that militate against old people s
participation in sport and exercise life-style in an African perspective. The study will
benefit the old aged people to remain fit and healthy as former architects of a better
future generation. Family members shall enjoy reduction of medical bills they incur
when constantly referring the old people to hospitals because of chronic illnesses.
Therefore, exposing the suitable types of sport and exercises that elderly people could
be motivated to undertake became the beacon of this study.
2. Statement of the Problem
The elderly in African societies are evidently not partaking in sport and exercise lifestyle, rendering them prone to chronic diseases and overburdening the health budget of
their countries as they are entitled to free health care. Is that a practice of their own
making or there are other issues beyond their wishes? This study aims at unravelling
factors that militate against participation of the elderly and coming up with suitable
sport and exercise activities for the elderly from an African perspective.
3. Research Questions
1. Which factors militate against participation of the elderly in sport and exercise?
2. What is the health significance of sport and exercise to the elderly?
3. How do the elderly people perceive sport and exercise life-style from an African
perspective?
4. Which suitable sports and exercise can elderly people engage in an African
community?
5. How could the African elderly people be motivated to adopt a sport and exercise
life-style?
4. Assumptions
It has been assumed that it was not possible to engage the elderly in sport and exercise
activities as that was not necessary in African communities and the aged people are not
interested in doing sport and exercises.
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5. Significance of the Study
Once elderly people adopt a sport and exercise life-style in African communities,
governments of these under developing countries would benefit immensely from a
reduced health budgets which used to be overburdened by high hospital bills from
these ailing age groups. The findings of this study shall be availed to community
libraries and posted to advocacy groups for the elderly and to Old People s Homes run
by Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare in Zimbabwe. Other organizations and
researchers will access this document on the internet for further insights.
6. Related Literature Review
6.1 Militating conditions
In Africa, providing for the sporting needs to older people has, up to date, had a low
priority. The need for quality social and physical recreation program is essential. The
term ageism was referred to by Butler and Lewis (1973) in Davis et al (1986) as a process
of systematic stereotyping; a discrimination against people because they are old. A
common but erroneous belief is that age is synonymous with disability. The fact is that
there are some militating conditions surrounding the old aged people that deter them
from sport and active life-style. Wilmore and Costill (2004) identified changes to body
size and composition as having aggravating effects on elders to sport and exercise
participation. Generally, at about 35 to 40 years of age the body experiences height
reduction attributable to compression of the intervertebral disks and poor postures
early in ageing. From about 40 to 50 years in women, and 50 to 60 years in men,
osteoporosis becomes a deterrent factor. Osteoporosis refers to a severe loss of bone
mass, leading to increased risk of bone fracture, (Wilmore and Costill, 2004).
Another disturbing condition is poor diet, a condition that might emanate from
deteriorating economic life potentialities. Study by Janssen, Ross and Tramblay (2000)
shows that
to
years of age people lose appetite and thus they don t consume
sufficient calories to maintain body weight. It was also noted that loss of body and
muscle mass jeopardizes agility most needed in sport and exercise. From a sociological
perspective, old age succumbs to cultural expectations that elderly people must
dignifiedly behave and sport and exercise is for the young people.
From this study, it was also observed that lack of indoor sport knowledge among
elderly persons is another contributing condition. Elderly people have frail and
frequent ill bodies and that retard them from even doing exercises as that might
exacerbate chances of injury.
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Loucks and Heath (1994) argue that approximately 10% of the total number of
muscle fibres is lost per decade after age of 50 years. These muscle fibres like Short
Twitch (ST) and Fast Twitch (FT) fibres determine speed which is also an important
aspect in sport performance. These and other conditions are contributing conditions
against old age people for not or made to do sport and exercise.
6.2 Health significance to the elderly people
Ignoring the old age people and taking for granted that old aged people are of no
relevance in the world of sport, has led sport authorities and governments not to
mobilize sport resources for this group of people world-wide. Documentations from
numerous investigations have noted a plethora of health benefits accrued by the elderly
if engaging in sport and exercise life-style in their communities.
Skoll (1982) in Davis et al (1986) noted some health significance to elderly people
that can accrue from sport and exercise participation. The findings are that, there is
improved health status (measured in terms of reduced hospital admission and medical
consultations) for older people following good health practices.
A substantial part of the degenerative process attributed to ageing may be due to
habitual inactivity rather than to true disease or any irreversible ageing process. The
term hypokinetic disease is now used to describe diseases brought on, in part, by
insufficient movement (Skoll, 1982, in Davis et al 1986))
Exercise (Skoll, 1982 in Davis et al 1986)) is also the trigger mechanism for
activating body metabolism. It is true that regular physical activity helps reduce the
likelihood of illness and accidents. The great benefit of maintaining physical fitness is
the degree of independence it affords through improved cardio-respiratory functioning,
strength and flexibility.
Caplan and Smith (2005) identified these long-term health benefits from sport
and exercise life-style:
Inactive people are twice as likely as active people to develop coronary artery
disease and high blood pressure.
Decreased body fat
Masocha, (2015)
Improved mental health
Decreased cholesterol levels
Decreased risk of certain types of cancer, colon and breast cancer (Mugari and
Increased life expectancy
Less likely to develop lung disorders such as asthma or bronchitis.
Knowledge about all these health advantages offered by just participating in
sport and exercise by those elderly persons could be of great importance, unfortunately,
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this literature and advocacy is not availed to most African communities. Among elderly
people, “lzheimer s disease is common. “s some people enter old age, their brain cells
degenerate so that they no longer appear to understand what is going on around them.
However, (Jennifer, 2010) asserts that if the elderly are exercising, they are less likely to
develop “lzheimer s disease. This disease is shown by high incidents of forgetfulness.
Given this background on health advantages, it is imperative and cheaper for African
governments to engage the old aged people into sport and exercise activities so as to
reduce medical bills gobbled by these senior citizens in the event of illness.
6.3 Sport and exercise perceptions by the elderly.
To most elderly people, literature is abound by different perceptions from old aged
people that say females are worse not into exercise than male old aged people. This
practice is gender based where fewer females engage in sport and exercise than their
male counterparts, (Mugari and Masocha 2015, Michael et al 2000, Colley et al 1988).
Another perception noted by Machael et al (2000) was that the tendency among
everyone is to venture into a hobby that one finds more friends in, than where there is
no growing friendship and family encouragement. This condition seems influential,
meaning to say if old people find resource support from family members in terms of
exercise equipment, driven to gym rooms, dart and chess rooms, they can be found
active in sport and exercise. Evidence can be beer drinking as leisure life, you find old
people in good numbers there in African communities maybe because they find more
friends there, providing them with opportunity for self-efficacy and listened to.
Participating in traditional dances by elderly people is considered a religious duty not
leisure activity according to the old people in Shona societies.
6.4 Suitable sports and exercise for the elderly people
There are a plethora of suitable sport and exercise activities that older people could take
part in, some are expensive, but this study is keen to identify cheapest activities. Caplan
and Smith (2005:230) suggest regular walking, using stairs instead of lift, turn your
coffee break into a walking break, add exercise to weekend plans. Dancing to traditional
or modern music with little cousins in homes during story telling time is viewed as both
a leisure and simple exercise activity for weaker bodies.
Nelson, Rejeski, Blair, Duncan, Judge, King, Sceppa (2007) recommend balance
exercises, activities that increase body flexibility, activities that integrate preventive and
therapeutic exercises, for instance, moderate aerobic activities that emphasise muscle
strengthening.
The precise sport games could be darts at home, chess to keep the mind
calculative, tsoro, nhodo, chest expands, sit-ups, stretches, squats, push-ups, archery and
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short sprints (Eshuys, Guest and Lawrence, (1987), Amusa, Toriola and Onyewadume
(1999). However, the fact is that, choice of sport and exercise depends on the previous
orientation of the old person, age and availability of resources at home.
6.5 Strategies to motivate the elderly people to adopt sport and exercise life-style
There might be some practices in other countries made to motivate old people to adopt
a sport and exercise life-style which are not well documented up to date. However, this
study has unravelled some ways to motivate the old people to participate in sport and
exercise life-style. Some identified activities include formation of community exercise
clubs, establishing gym cahoots in villages. In every Old People s Home qualified
exercise trainers should be employed. Schultzer and Graves, (2004) suggested
increasing in-door sport and exercise activities. Mugari and Masocha (2015),
recommend availing literature on benefits and effects of sport and exercises.
7. Study Methodology
This study employed a qualitative paradigm as it aims to investigate characters in their
natural environments taking into consideration their culture, attitudes, behaviors and
beliefs and perceptions that influence their sport and exercise participation. The
qualitative method allowed the researcher to accommodate human experience,
participants perspectives and their diversity and reflexivity of the researcher and the
research, (Flick, 2010, Silverman 2011, Creswell, 2009). Also, the appropriateness of the
participatory or emancipatory worldview as a lens for this study was achieved in this
qualitative paradigm since the elderly people appear to be marginalized by the sport
systems in most African countries and this study sought to liberate the old aged people
so that they enjoy their basic human rights, (participating in sport and exercises)
8. Design
A case study was deemed an appropriate design for this qualitative research. In a bid to
deepen the approaches to solicit adequate and relevant information with regards to
participants
attitudes, beliefs, perceptions, advocacies and complaints of the
marginalized aged people, case study was most appropriate. This study concentrated
on a smaller group of elderly participants in a single community known as Wedza
Council Suburbs which was a manageable size; hence a case study was effective.
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9. Population
Elderly people both females and males who lived in Wedza Council Suburbs and the
surrounding villages of Chemhanza Mission, Muhwati and Mulemba made part of the
population. Family members living with the aged people and former community sport
administrators also constituted the participants group.
10. Sample and Sampling Procedures
A sample size of 50 participants, specifically, 30 old aged people, 10 family members
looking after the old people and 10 former sports administrators in the locality were
deemed an appropriate sample to be participants in this study.
10. Data Generating Instruments
The researcher made use of some community social gatherings and also visited some
homestead to meet elderly people and interviewed them. Home visits were
advantageous as it gave the researcher time to observe the participants in their natural
environment and to read the medical documents kept by the elderly participants. Since
the researcher was part of the community as a resident, the participants were at liberty
to disclose the needed data, whilst at times some participants could go to the extent of
show-casing their sport skills of disciplines they were good at during their active ages.
11. Discussion of Results
11.1 Factors militating against elderly people’s participation in sport and exercise
The data had shown that 90% of the old aged people sees no reason for doing sport and
exercises at that age. The 10% cited fear to get injuries. These data might suggest that it
is the African culture that has failed to orient its societies on the value of sport and
exercise to older people. This might suggest the effect of osteoporosis, a disease that is
common among old aged people which makes their bones weaker and leads to bone
fracture as cited by (Wilmore and Costill, 2004)
It also emerged that 100% of the guardians of the old aged people reported that
old people only eat their usual quantity of food when there is good relishes like meat
Vanongodya zvakanaka kana paine nyama chete . In poor families, meats products are not
always readily available, so old people normally lose appetite a condition that
nutritionists believe to lead to loss of body and muscle mass of the old people s bodies.
This condition contributes to body weakness and retards people to be active.
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90% of the studied old people lacked knowledge of health benefits that can be
accrued by anyone who participates in sport and exercises. This scenario has a negative
bearing on level of motivation to participate in sports and exercise among old aged
people particularly in African communities because of absence of literature on health
benefits through sport and exercise, unlike in white communities.
It has been noted in this study that African culture expects the elderly to busk on
sunshine always at home, sharing their wisdom to youngsters who gather around them
to enjoy story-telling duties by elders as it is believed that that wisdom comes by age.
This docility is construed to mean dignity among old aged people yet that makes them
weaker, fragile, and prone to chronic diseases.
Lack of sport and exercise facilities and conducive sport and exercise
environments were identified as militating factors also. These have been observed as
true common scenario from the villages studied and these could be strong factors that
kill the desire among family members to persuade elders to do exercise.
11.2 Knowledge of health significance of sport and exercise among the old people
Availability of this knowledge was below 30% among the elderly participants as
compared to those aged 50 years and below. Lack of this knowledge could be a
contributing factor on the basis that there is no motivation on the part of the affected
old aged groups and part of those guardians who are family members. If they knew
health opportunities like free from chronic diseases, free from “lzheimer s diseases,
from mental stress etc., most families would finance and encourage their old aged
people to opt for sport and exercise life-styles. It was discovered that 100% of the homes
visited had no any sport facilities even those for in-door sports and exercise activities.
From two interviewed, a common verbal utterance was isuwo hedu kuwaniswa imba kana
chivanze chekutambisa
that is to have a space to waste . The statement drives a point home
that old people should not be given a place for sport and exercise as this is sheer waste
of valuable space.
11.3 Perceptions of the old people on sport and exercise
It has been noted that old people have a negative attitude towards doing sport exercise,
citing fear to get injuries, lack of orientation to the benefits accrued by participating in
sports exercises, and absence of a cultural capital (Bourdieu, 1993). Old people associate
sport and exercises with lack of dignity which is common to young ones.
11.4 Suitable sport and exercises for the old people
It emerged from the discourses that there are certain sport and exercise suitable to old
aged people. The effect of maturation during old age has a reverse effect unlike to
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young people. Games like chess, snooker, darts, walking, traditional games like tsoro,
nhodo, have little energy requirement among old aged people, therefore make them
suitable. Nhodo and datts received least number of players among elders as they said,
haticha nange kwazvo , (we cannot take an aim now). It is true from observations that
old aged people could be lacking stability to stand and throw arrows to the target,
probably due to poor eye-sight and muscle coordination.
11.5 Ways of motivating the elderly to do sport and exercise
It has emerged that it is difficult to motivate old aged people to do exercises and
participate in simple sport activities because they see their efforts as not paying
anything since they always conclude that their life is heading towards nowhere.
However, observations have shown that if games which involve their friends of the
same age are made available nowhere else but within the comfort of their homes and
initiated by their grandchildren as funny activities seeking past knowledge as
demonstrators of heroism, these old age people could parade exercises. We were
experts boys and girls!, we could play like this!, I could run to catch hares by foot,
football I could kick too high! Taiveshasha vazukuru, taitamba tichidai----, ndaibata tsuro
nemakumbu ini, bhora ndairova seizvi----richienda mudengadenga! . These statements
symbolised their motivation to show case their past capabilities.
12. Conclusions
It is not correct to believe that old aged people are not eager and are not capable
of doing sport and exercises, but lack of infrastructural and facilities provision
deter them from sport and exercise life style.
The study concludes that African culture does not motivate old aged people to
continue doing sport and exercise as this active life style is construed to weaken
dignity and respect among elders of the society.
and do sport activities.
that satisfies them and their guardians.
and exercise even at old age.
Fragility among old aged people is a deterrent condition for elders to exercise
Working in home gardens and fields is the only exercise done by old aged people
There is lack of knowledge about health benefits accrued from continuing sport
Old age is strongly viewed as next to death by both the aged people and the
general people in African culture and pooling up of sport resources for the
elderly is taken as waste of valuable money and time which should be meant for
the young people.
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Simple and easy African traditional games are not taken as sport games by
guardians/family members of the elderly, but as irrelevant past time activities,
yet they are also necessary for the elderly since they can be done at homes.
13. Recommendations
The study has made the following recommendations:
The African governments should take an initiative through ministries of sport
and recreation to introduce sport for the old aged people i.e. for 60 years and
above at national level so that grass root sports structure could also be motivated
to introduce sports competitions for the elderly.
Family members and their communities should be educated about health
benefits accrued by their elderly people if they participate in sporting life style
and that will make every household to provide sport facilities for this forgotten
age group.
important sport activities for the elderly.
Simple and easy traditional games should be encouraged and recognized as
Neighbouring communities for the elderly could compete against each other.
Sports administrators in communities should invigorate the introduction of a
positive attitude among African communities towards accepting the old age as
an important age group that contributed to the development of today s
nationhood, therefore leaving them out from sport and recreational activities is
absolutely cruel.
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