European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science ISSN: 2501 - 1235 ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235 Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu 10.5281/zenodo.51104 Volume 1│Issue 2│January 2016 EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY Zerf Mohammed1i, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali 1 Physical Education Institute Laboratory OPAPS University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria Abstract: The goals of this study are to find ways to determine the risks cardiovascular and respiratory capacity in class obese I, II, III housewife based on them adaptation to effort. Since obesity has reached epidemic as levels in cholesterol fractions, and triglyceride as risk factors of metabolic health track into adulthood which confirmed that the body physical fitness has a significant modifying effect on other risk factors as cardiovascular disease. Our role is to expose the impact of the class obesity on the level fitness to health. In order to achieve this objective, in one hand we have chosen the RuffierDickson index and Maximum Heart Rate which are safe bet in the sports medical baseline budget. On the other hand, our sample was selected by intentional method represented by 30 women; their homogeneity was calculate based on age 7, ”MI 35,77 and Questionnaire Physical Activity Rating (PA-R) from Non-Exercise Data and Non-Exercise Fitness Test. Our entire sample selected that prefer staying at home. In order to classify our sample, we have selected the BMI classification system for adults Programs and Health Survey for England which classed our sample in three categories obesity I, II and III. For the statistical processing, we based on Mean, SD, Correlation Paired Samples, Anova and LSD to determine the effect of overweight on the both cardio-respiratory capacity failure between the three classes in active exercise as our safe test. Based on the analyses statistics we confirm: - is a strong positive relationship between the increase BMI and the level of the variables selected in this study; - Class Body Composition reveals the weaker skeletal muscle function, decreases cardiorespiratory capacity and the low fitness aerobics ability; i Corresponding author: Zerf Mohammed, biomeca.zerf@outlook.com Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved Published by European Open Access Research Association ©2015. 20 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY - Class Body Composition predict the weaken cardio respiratory capacity related to the combination of respiratory rate and airway narrowing which lead to fatigue of the muscles of ventilation. Keywords: body composition, cardio respiratory capacity, class obese housewife 1. Introduction Obesity has important functional implications because it related decline in physical function, which can lead to frailty and complications. In fact, obesity may be the single greatest cause of health deterioration according to (Davison, K. K., Ford, E. S., Cogswell, M. E., Dietz, W. H, 2002) and one of the most important risk factor nowadays that has become the main public health problem in 21st century according to (Dennis T. Villareal, Marian Banks, Catherine Siener, David R. Sinacore, Samuel Klein, 2004 online 2012) and (Meridith R. Blakely, ‎Sarah M. Timmons, 2008). While the meaning of obesity is as abnormal or excessive accumulations of fat that may impair health, the World Health Organization (WHO), indicate that, any individual with a body mass index (BMI) greater than or equal to 30 kg/m 2 is obese. (Sanjay Agrawal, 2015) Whereas (Alexandra Kazaks, ‎Judith S. Stern, 2012) explain that overweight and obesity ranges are determined by using an individual's weight and height in an equation to calculate BMI. An adult who has a BMI between 25 and 29.9 is considered overweight based on the study (Norman Edward Robinson,Kim A. Sprayberry, 2009) which confirm that this syndrome is characterized by a high fat mass (greater than 30%). We agreed that these women have a higher risk to developing type 2 diabetes mellitus in later life thing confirmed by (Matthew W. Gillman, ‎Lucilla Poston, 2012). From the proofs where the Health professionals confirm that overweight have serious health risks for adults (Christina Paxon, 2010). We referee to the data from the Nurses' Health Study, that obese women have 2.7 times risk of infertility compared to women with normal weight thing confirmed by (Brigham Young University Utah Ray M Merrill, ‎Ray M. Merrill, 2010) and (Payal Gidwani Tiwari, 2015) confirm that housewives must understand their bodies and learn to balance their lifestyle with exercise according to (Nick Cavill, ‎Sonja Kahlmeier, ‎Francesca Racioppi, 2006). Our background confirm that obesity diseases is related to lifestyle in particularly cardiovascular disorders according to (Hugh Barton, Susan Thompson, Sarah Burgess, Marcus Grant 2015). Our aims in this modest study come to determine the impact of lifestyle on relationship physical activity and diet (Kelli McCormack European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 21 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY Brown, David Q. Thomas, Jerome Edward Koteck 2002) where (Shah, ‎Sanjiv Shah, ‎Donna K. Arnett, 2014) confirm that it has long been recognized that certain lifestyle factors can significantly influence health status since obesity has reached epidemic in the Algerian population according to (Saker M, Merzouk H, Merzouk SA, Ahmed SB, Narce M., 2011). Similar studies confirmed that obese subjects may have a higher cardiac output, oxygen consumption and minute ventilation at a given work rate by heat intolerance, dyspnoea/hyperpnea, movement restrictions, joint pain, muscle weakness or balance problems according to (John Gormley, ‎Juliette Hussey, 2009). Similar studies on physical activity and health are confirming the benefits of exercise in prevention and treatment of health conditions (Majed A Alabbad, Qassim I Muaidi, 2016). (Adrianne E. Hardman, David J. Stensel 2009) emphasize the women active as steps to maintain good health according to (Claire Etaugh, ‎Judith S. Bridges, 2015). (James C. Grotta, ‎Gregory W. Albers, ‎Joseph P. Broderick, 2015) confirm that a regular aerobic exercise is recognized as an important factor in the prevention and control of obesity (Ronald Ross Watson, 2014). Our interventions in this search come to expose in one hand the accurately of the field test approved by the tests laboratory (Frank D. Rosato, 1995) (Gregory J. Welk, ‎William R. Corbin, ‎Ruth Lindsey, 2003) (T. Reilly, 2013) and the similar studies (Luke Edwardes-Evans, 2013) , (Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idris, Biengoua Ali, Bendahmane Med Nasreddin, 2015) which confirm that these procedures are very costly for Algerian families. Our interstate are to use simple equipment of the field tests, which estimate level Health Fitness and Wellness (Frank D. Rosato, 2000) (Ali Narvani, ‎Panos Thomas, ‎Bruce Lynn , 2014) to predict the outcome of the ability of body work regarding an obese housewife. 2. Material and Methods Our sample was selected by intentional method represented in 30 women their homogeneity was calculate based on age 7 and Questionnaire Physical “ctivity Rating (PA-R and level of the index average ”MI 5,77. For the assessments, we used: A. The Physical Activity Rating (PA-R) Jackson et al. (1990). (Jackson, A. S., Blair, S. N., Mahar, M. T., Wier, L. T., Rossand, R. M., & Stuteville, J. E., 1990). This questionnaire tool is for categorizing a person's level of physical activity. It is used in the equations for the Non-Exercise Fitness Test. Your PAR score is between 0 and 7. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 22 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY Select the number that best describes your overall level of physical activity for the previous 6 MONTHS: - 0 points: the subject avoids walking or exercise (for example, always uses elevators, drives whenever possible instead of walking); - 2 points: the subject walks and/or exercises 10 60 minutes per week; - 3 points: the subject walks and/or exercises over 1 hour per week; - 4 points: runs less than 1 mile per week or spends less than 30 minutes per week in comparable physical activity; - 5 points: runs 1 5 miles per week or spends 30 60 minutes per week in comparable physical activity; - 6 points: runs 5 10 miles per week or spends 1 3 hours per week in comparable physical activity; - 7 points: runs more than 10 miles per week or spends more than 3 hours per week in comparable physical activity. B. The BMI classification system for adults (Public Health England, 2016) It represents the most common method of measuring obesity is the Body Mass Index (BMI). BMI is calculated by dividing body weight (kilograms) by height (meters) squared. An adult BMI of between 25 and 29.9 is classified as overweight and a BMI of 30 or over is classified as obese (Table 1). Table 1: World Health Organization BMI classification system for adults Classification BM range Under Heath weight weight <18.5 18.5-24.9 Overweight Obesity I Obesity II Obesity III 25-29.9 30_34.9 35-39.9 =40 To calculate BMI = weight (kg) height (m) or weight (Ib) height (in)1 x 704.5. Body mass index (BMI) Body weight (in kilograms) divided by the square of height (in meters), expressed in units of kg/m. It is also called Quetelet index. (Paul M. Insel, ‎R. Elaine Turner, ‎Don Ross , 2004) whereas Robert K. Creasy & all confirm our classification in Table 10-1 Obesity Class, Body Mass Index (BMI) (Robert K. Creasy, ‎Robert Resnik, ‎Jay D. Iams, 2013) while Sana Loue Body Mass Index is still valued as much as she was prior to the physical loss (Sana Loue, ‎Martha Sajatovic, 2004) (Judith Worell, 2002). Some medical research on men, and later on women as well, found that individuals with a high percentage of body fat (reflected in a high waist-to-hip ratio) were more likely to have high levels of lowdensity cholesterol associated with heart disease. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 23 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY C. The Maximum Heart Rate Estimation of VO2max from the ratio between HRmax and HRrest-the Heart Rate Ratio Method (Larry Hoover, 2013) the Research was conducted by Uth et al. (2004) (UTH, N. et al, 2004) found that VO2 max can be estimated indirectly from an individual’s maximum heart rate HRmax) and resting heart rate (HRrest) with an accuracy that compares favorably with other common VO2 max tests. It is given by: VO2max estimate VO2 max = 15 x (HRmax ÷ HRrest) VO2max from Non-Exercise Data (George, J.D et al, 1997) (Jennifer G. Plebani, 2015). The following equation can be used to obtain an estimate of the athletes VO2max based on: VO2max = 44.895 + (7.042 x Sex) – (0.823 x BMI) + (0.688 x PAR) + (0.738 x PFA1) + PFA3 where: 4 Weight in kilograms 4 Height in meters 4 BMI = Weight / (Height x Height) 4 Sex = Male = 1 and Female = 0 4 PAR = Physical Activity Rating 4 PFA1 = Perceived Functional Ability 1 mile 4 PFA3 = Perceived Functional Ability 3 miles. In our case, we calculate Physical Activity Rating (PA-R) and compared it with Jackson et al. The standard error of estimate for predicting VO2max = ± 3.44 ml/kg/min D. The Ruffier functional Dickson index test (Roy J. Shephard, 2014) The efficiency of cardiovascular system is possible to evaluate optimally (beside a detection and assessment of the heart rate zones) by making use of the functional tests. One of them is The Ruffier test, which in simple way and with sufficient rate of reliability sets the functional state of the cardiovascular system and readiness of organism for load. The Ruffier functional test consists of three parts. In the first part, after the 5 minutes relax, we conduct the measuring of the heart rate in the sitting position (we measure for 10 sec and multiply by 6, or for 15 sec and multiply by 4). In the second part, we do 30 squats in 45 sec and immediately measure the HR, similarly as in part one. The last part of the test is again calming down in the sitting position for 1 minute and consecutive measuring of HR. The index value is calculated from formula: RI = [(S1 + S2 + S3) - 200]/10 (H. Matthys, 2013). The evaluation of the Ruffier functional test: - till 3,0 - Excellent functional condition; - 3,1 - 7,0 - Good functional condition; European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 24 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY - 7,1 12 - Average functional condition; - 12,1 - 15,0 - Pour functional condition; - Over 15,1 - Very poor functional condition (Ramdane Almansba, Stanislaw Sterkowicz, R. Belkacem Katarzyna Sterkowicz-Przybycien, D. Mahdad, 2010) For the conditions, we a focus on: - The same marital lifestyle education social status; - Does not participate regularly in programed recreation, sport, or physical activity - Their BMI are sub-classifications obese class I, II and II; - In good health based on diagnostic of them doctors; - The same level Physical Activity Rating (PA-R). 4. Subjects Our Samples are housewives Selected by intentional method Represented BY 30 women with their age 7 and ”MI greater than 5,77 classified as Obese Class I, II, III and selected they avoids walking or physical activity at home listed in Table 2. Table 2: Expose the Descriptive Statistics Variables Mean Class 1 N SD Mean Class 2 N SD Mean Class 3 N SD Mean Total N SD 5. BMI HR1 HR2 31,32 139,82 HR3 Ruffier-Dickson index 73,82 113,82 Maximum Herat Rate 12,75 28,41 11 11 11 11 11 11 1,45 4,51 1,66 4,51 1,06 ,35674 77,77 123,77 15,13 28,88 35,80 149,77 9 9 9 9 9 9 ,479 2,11 1,20 2,12 ,52 ,29 78,80 128,00 16,08 29,32 40,64 154,00 10 10 10 10 10 10 1,99 2,49 1,03 2,49 ,57 ,34 76,66 121,53 14,57 28,85 35,77 147,533 30 30 30 30 30 30 4,21 6,98 2,59 6,98 1,64 ,50 Data Analysis Based on the data retests and the data analysis procedures used in this study consisted of the computation of the means, standard deviations, the Regression, Anova & LSD and Correlation Paired Samples. We have chosen the Descriptive statistics where we have calculated the conditions chosen for this experience. With a Significance level was set at 0.05. Statistical procedures were done using SPSS 21.0. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 25 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY 6. Results From the Table 2 in general our sample are Overweight or obese Class I, II and III based on their BMI thing confirmed by Carolyn Coker Ross (Carolyn Coker Ross, 2009)and Liane Summerfield (Liane Summerfield, 2015). For values VO2max estimate all ours sample are in 50 max hearth rates% based on relates max hearth rates to vo2max listed in table 6.3 according to (John Shepherd, 2013) based on (Corey H. Evans, Russell D. White 2009) it is found that our sample is classified in category poor according to the values standards described by American College of Sports Medicine Standards for man and woman. Whereas the index Ruffier-Dickson is in the benefit of class I which is insufficient adapted to stress in the opposite of class II&III which are poor adapted to effort (Patrick Ledrappier, 2006) from that we calculate the Pearson Correlations to determine the base scientist of these differences. Table 3: Expose Pearson Correlations of the variables chosen to study Variables BMI HR1 HR2 HR3 Ruffier-Dickson Maximum Herat BMI 1 HR1 ,850** 1 ,963** ,963** ,974** ,695** HR2 ,913** ,963** 1 1,000** ,999** ,862** ,913** ,963** 1,000** 1 ,999** ,862** Ruffier-Dickson index ,908** ,974** ,999** ,999** 1 ,840** Maximum Herat Rate ,840** ,695** ,862** ,862** ,840** 1 ,850 ** ,913 ** ,913 ** ,908 ** ,840** **. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed). From the table 3 where we have calculated the Pearson correlation our find confirms: 1. There is a strong positive relationship between the BMI, level index RuffierDickson and vo2max esteemed by Maximum Heart Rate. 2. Based on the level of Ruffier-Dickson and Maximum Heart Rate our sample are poor due to the higher cardiac output, oxygen consumption and minute ventilation at a given work rate (John Porcari, ‎Cedric Bryant, ‎Fabio Comana, 2015) attributable to the ratio of alveolar ventilation (VA) over cardiac output (Q) or ventilation/perfusion ratio (VA/Q) is increased. When dead space/tidal volume ratio is increased, minute ventilation is typically inordinately high for the work rate (Michael S. Sagiv, 2012) 3. Our finding reflects the willingness and ability cardio respiratory capacity (Paul Gamble, 2013) where our field tests revealed the low physical fitness of our obese women due to low levels of habitual physical activity. (Brigham Young European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 26 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY University Alton L Thygerson, ‎Steven M Thygerson, 2015) (Mikael Forglolm, 2001) 4. all variables chosen to study have strong positive correlation. Our results confirm that obese subjects have a higher cardiac output, oxygen consumption and minute ventilation at a given work rate. Our find is correlated to the subjection of Caroline J & all (Caroline J. Hollins Martin, ‎Ronald Ross Watson, ‎Victor R. Preedy, 2013) to classify the the obese person accordingly to Body Mass Index (kg/m2) can score a decrease in maximal oxygen uptake capacity (VO2max). Based on testes applied in this experience through Table 2 we referee to Vincent Antonetti, PhD (Vincent Antonetti, PhD, 2013) that the field tests are not a laboratory tests. (Vincent Antonetti, PhD, 2013) (Peter B. Bennett, Frans Cronjé, Ernest S. Campbell, 2006) can under predict the aerobic capacity (Susan M. Schembre, PhD, RD and Deborah A. Riebe, PhD, 2011). We confirm that the values obtained from the formulas do not lose them quite accurately due to level fitness of our sample which is poor [36]. In other hand, we confirm based on the similar studies that Field Tests can give a fairly good estimate level of Fitness and health (Vincent Antonetti, PhD, 2013), which is widely used because it requires less effort from the subject (Tommy Boone, 2013). We conclude that cardio respiratory capacity leads to better health and a higher quality of life according to (Wener Hoeger, ‎Sharon Hoeger, 2015) whereas (Frank Rosato, 2011) confirms that Field tests as running and walking tests, have been reported to be highly correlated to VO2max (David P. Johns, ‎Koenraad J. Lindner, 2006). From the approved we recommend our housewives to use the Field tests to predict their Aerobic Fitness and Wellness a test based on cardio respiratory capacity because their level ability of consumption to VO2max do not fit with the intensity of test practiced (Henrik Loe, Sigurd Steinshamn, Ulrik Wisløff, 2014). In order to verify the effects of obese class on cardio respiratory capacity ability we used Anova by LSD to predict reasons for the poor level in a family activity (U. Frey, ‎P.J.F.M. Merkus, 2010) (Karen Mazzeo, ‎Lauren Mangili, 2012) . European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 27 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY Table 4: Effects of body composition by class obese on cardio respiratory capacity F BMI sig 105,15 HR1 51,14 HR3 51,14 IDEX 51,19 vo2Max class I , 00 class I 40,36 HR2 LSD 19,39 class II class III ---- -4,48* -9,32* class II 4,48* ------- -4,84* class III 9,32* 4,84* ---- ---- -3,95* -4,98* class II 3,95* ---- -1,02 class III 4,98* 1,02 ---- ---- -9,95* -14,18* class II 9,95* ---- -4,22* class III 14,18* 4,22* ---- ---- -9,96* -14,18* class II 9,96* ---- -4,22* class III 14,18* 4,22* ---- ---- -2,38* -3,33* class II 2,38* ---- -,95* class III 3,33* ,95* ---- class I ---- -,48* -,91* class II ,48* ---- -,43* class III ,91* ,43* ---- class I class I class I class I Across the Table 4 we confirm the credibility of our data by Baumgartner (Brigham Young University Alton L Thygerson, ‎Steven M Thygerson, 2015) (Q. Ashton Acton, PhD, 2013) which confirm that the effort test must would probably be more suitable for less fit participants. From that we agreed the judgment of Melinda S. Sothern [48] that potential roles of cardiovascular fitness is lies on the highest rate of oxygen use by the body during a progressive exercise test (VO2 max) where VO2max is a physiological predict the healthy level girls, thing which correspond with Rowland et al. found a direct correlation between body mass index and absolute maximal cardiac output thing confirmed by Peter J. Maud (Peter J. Maud, ‎Carl Foster, 2006). An estimation of VO2max can be determined using the distance and time achieved in these events or duration of the event or activity [50]. Whereas (Ted A. Baumgartner, ‎Matthew T. Mahar, ‎Andrew S. Jackson, 2015) confirm that an interaction term that improves prediction accuracy of aerobic fitness, but an important question concerns the validity estimates to predict health risk in our case we select the level BMI where our data confirms deficits caused by this resistance (Zerf Mohammed, 2015). From that we agreed that Aerobic capacity (VO2 max) in obesity in adults, a high fat oxidation rate has been suggested as protecting against subsequent weight gain as well as against body weight gain following slimming (Ted A. Baumgartner, ‎Matthew T. Mahar, ‎Andrew S. Jackson, 2015) In other obese individuals tend to have lower VO2 European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 28 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY max per kilogram body weight than non-obese individuals (C Dorathea Andrews, East Carolina University Matthew Mahar, Ted Baumgartner, Dr David Rowe, Andrew S Jackson, 2015), Where the VO2 max is a measure of work capacity. If the obesity is severe, the VO2max may be lower than predicted, indicating impairment (Asbestos Medicine on Trial-A Medical/Legal Outline, 1995) (Frank Hu Associate Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health , 2008). Whereas Ronald B. George (Ronald B. George, 2005) confirm the leveling off of Vo2 provides objective evidence that the subject has attained maximal aerobic power. Which explain the decrease VO2 max HRmax and HRrest due to % of BMI form that we agreed the results of James S. Skinner (James S. Skinner, 2005) that aerobic power (VO2max) is reduced in obesity appears to depend on how VO2max is expressed, when it's expressed relative to body. From that we agreed the judgment (Debasis Bagchi, 2010) of Debasis Bagchi that maximum oxygen update (VO2max) is the most common marker of cardiovascular fitness; however, there has commonly been confusion regarding the most appropriate way of expressing VO2max in the obese (Ronald J. Maughan, 2009). Where these finds we confirmed the found of (Melinda S. Sothern, ‎Stewart T. Gordon, ‎T. Kristian von Almen, 2006) that VO2 max is inversely related to body fat obesity depresses mass- relative aerobic fitness. From the proof, we confirm the credibility of our data based on the Regression of Hawley & Noakes (1992) (HEYWOOD, V, 2006) On the bottom of our references through table 2, 3 and 4 we confirm that our data statistical analysis line with confirmation of (V.Courtney Broaddus, ‎Robert C Mason, ‎Joel D Ernst, 2015) V. Courtney Broaddus the obese individuals lacking underlying cardiac or pulmonary disease display VO2max lower than predicted whereas Kathleen Keller (Kathleen Keller, 2008) said oxygen uptake (VO2Max), which is an assessment of the greatest rate at which oxygen can be taken in, distributed, and Other components of health-related fitness that are less often correlated with obesity. For that reasons, the risk for multiple diseases, including coronary heart disease, hypertension, osteoporosis, obesity, depression, and Maximum oxygen composition (Vo2 max) is lower in women, largely because of differences in body composition in our case the class of obesity. 7. Discussion From the approve we confirm that the class obese is important predict of the weakens in the obese individuals where the Obese individuals in general have higher lung volumes (Klaus F. Rabe, ‎Jadwiga A. Wedzicha, ‎Emiel F.M. Wouters 2013) and increased minute ventilation (Forrest O. Moore, ‎Peter M. Rhee, ‎Samuel A. Tisherman, 2012) (Ali European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 29 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY El Solh, 2012) due to lower respiratory rate which we confirms the found of (Joel A. DeLisa, ‎Bruce M. Gans, ‎Nicholas E. Walsh, 2005) in the concept cardiovascular disease due to overweight class and the Physical inactivity as lifestyle where (Kazuyuki Kanosue, ‎Satomi Oshima, ‎Zhen-Bo Cao, 2015) confirm that aerobic exercise is recommended for the prevention of obesity and lifestyle-related diseases. Whereas our results confirm that, the overweight relative to oxygen consumption (VO2max) in obese persons is significantly (David X. Cifu, 2015). For that reason, our data analyses line with confirmation (Undurti N. Das, 2010) that a phenotypic variation is due to energy expenditure and energy intake. In other hand, we agreed by (T. Douglas Bradley, ‎John S. Floras, 2009) that, the respiratory function in the obese, leptin-resistant zucker rat is characterized by a derangement in structural, neural, and metabolic function. Which we confirm that the effect of obesity on ventilatory response and anaerobic threshold during exercise. while (Claudio Donner, ‎Roger Goldstein, ‎Nicolino Ambrosino, 2005) confirm that growing of the body indicates that, women experience improved health-related physical fitness through exercise physical as well that, Exercise also promotes decreases in body weight and fat stores. From that we line with (Sana Loue, ‎Martha Sajatovic, ‎Keith B. Armitage, 2004) that physical activity is a key factor for improving physical fitness related to health, and has been indicated as a major determinant of bone mass throughout life according to (Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson MEYV, 2004) and (Anderson Marques de Moraes,Ezequiel Moreira Gonçalves,Vinicius Justino de Oliveira Barbeta,Gil Guerra, 2013). 8. Conclusion Our concluded lead us to obese levels which confirmed the finding of Robert W (Robert W. Wilmott, ‎Thomas F. Boat, ‎Andrew Bush, 2012) obesity is responsible for stiffening of the respiratory system, due to decreased lung compliance, which lead to disease conditions, increasing the depth of each breath and increases respiratory rate. whereas Melinda S. Sothern (Melinda S. Sothern, 2014) said that regular physical activity as walking (Shaji John Kachanathu, Sami S Alabdulwahab, Nidhi Negi, Pooja Anand, Ashraf R Hafeez, 2016) is shown to lessen the burden of obesity-related comorbidities, including reductions in blood. The achievement of cardiorespiratory (aerobic) fitness in particular may provide protection against developing obesity. While overweight and obese individuals are more likely to be sedentary and have lower aerobic fitness levels than non-overweight European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 30 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY persons in both sedentary lifestyle and low aerobic fitness (which can be altered independently of weight loss). (Glenn Gaesser, 2013) However, an increase in overweight and obesity (Walter Burniat,Tim J. Cole,Inge, 2006) was associated with the decrease in aerobic fitness (P.R. Huotari, 2012). For our experience on this topic, we agreed the recommendation (John Pucher, ‎Ralph Buehler, 2012) John Pucher, Ralph Buehler that the energy cycling requires is provided directly by the traveler, contributing to daily physical activity, aerobic fitness, and cardiovascular health while helping protect against obesity, diabetes, and various other diseases. In other, the lack of physical activity is cardiovascular disease where the Aerobic training involves regular aerobic exercise sessions that are frequent enough to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. Because the VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen, (mL) consumed per minute per kg body weight, and is a measure of cardiovascular fitness. (Jeffrey I. Mechanick, ‎Elise M. Brett, 2006) 9. Recommendations Our results are consistent with Neil Armstrong (2008), (Neil Armstrong, Willem van Mechelen 2008) that, the effectiveness of body mass ratio to produce a size-free performance variable can be judged by the relationship between consummation V02 and representation anaerobic power. In other words, the relationship between work output, oxygen consumption, heart rate, and cardiac output during exercise is linear (James T Willerson, ‎Jay N. Cohn, ‎Hein J. J. Wellens 2007). Whereas we expressing this relationship to body weight and studies consistently show a reduced of VO2max in obese person (James S. Skinner, 2005). Through the above that exercise and physical activity have long been associated with a healthy lifestyle, (Irfan Rahman, ‎Debasis Bagchi, 2013) where an active lifestyle can help eliminate health risk factors, (Luke E. Kelly, ‎Vincent J. Melograno, 2014) our finding agreed that the advice of Vincent Antoinette (Vincent Antonetti, PhD, 2013) that women must should have a medical assessment and physical fitness program. From the proofs, we suggest:   The level Aerobic fitness reflects the overall body physiological capacity. (Marcela González-Gross, y otros , 2014) The Physical inactivity contributes to increase oxygen consumption rate due to weight gain who becomes a resistance Furthermore (Zerf Mohammed, 2015)in the repetitive motion work which increases the requirements higher cardiac output, oxygen consumption and minute ventilation at a given work rate. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 31 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY  VO2max reflects both physiological function (cardiorespiratory power) their level Predict the level of the individual economy in performance Ruffier-  Dickson index The level Ruffier-Dickson reflects the problems maximal rate of oxygen consumption between inspiration and expiration in exercising where the level of aerobic functioning component provides a better reflection about quality of  tasks life. (Winnick, Joseph P., ‎Short, Francis, 2014) The level cardiorespiratory fitness reflects the integrative ability of the components of the cardiopulmonary system (i.e., heart, lungs, and blood system) to deliver oxygen to the metabolically active skeletal muscles which (Milenda L lrwin, 2011) provides a better reflection about the status healthy  lifestyle housewife The ability of the body to do work is Anaerobic system performance which can be reflected in measurements of anaerobic power and anaerobic capacity to predict a healthy lifestyle (Haywood, Kathleen, ‎Getchell, Nancy -, 2014) 10.  Our results and aims  Monitoring the degree of obesity  Vo2Max  study the problem posed in other similar studies  Using aerobics sport or aerobics daily active physical tasks More than 50 integrated physical testing in Medical clinics and health centers Take advantage of this study in the assessment health fitness and wellness housewives References Adrianne E. Hardman,David J. Stensel. (2009). Physical Activity and Health: The Evidence Explained. UK: Taylor & Francis. Alexandra Kazaks, ‎Judith S. Stern. (2012). Nutrition and Obesity. USA: Jones &Bartlett Learning . Ali El Solh. (2012). Critical Care Management of the Obese Patient. USA: Wiley.com. Ali Narvani, ‎Panos Thomas, ‎Bruce Lynn . (2014). Key Clinical Topics in Sports and Exercise Medicine. UK, JP Medical LTD. Anderson Marques de Moraes,Ezequiel Moreira Gonçalves,Vinicius Justino de Oliveira Barbeta,Gil Guerra. (2013). Cross-sectional study of the association of body composition European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 32 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY and physical fitness with bone status in children and adolescents from 11 to 16 years old. BMC Pediatr, 13, 117. doi:10.1186/1471-2431-13-117 Anne E. Imamura. (1992). Urban Japanese Housewives: At Home and in the Community. USA: University of Hawaii Press. Asbestos Medicine on Trial-A Medical/Legal Outline. (1995). Norwood S. Wilner, ‎Allan Feingold, ‎Ilan Allan Feingold. USA: Andrews Professional Books. Brigham Young University Alton L Thygerson, ‎Steven M Thygerson. (2015). Fit to Be Well. USA: Jones & Bartelett Lerninig. Brigham Young University Utah Ray M Merrill, ‎Ray M. Merrill. (2010). Reproductive Epidemiology: Principles and Methods. USA: Jones and Bratlett publishers. C Dorathea Andrews, East Carolina University Matthew Mahar, Ted Baumgartner, Dr David Rowe, Andrew S Jackson. (2015). Measurement for Evaluation in Kinesiology. USA: Jones & Bartlett learning. Caroline J. Hollins Martin, ‎Ronald Ross Watson, ‎Victor R. Preedy. (2013). Nutrition and Diet in Menopause. UK: Springer Shop. Carolyn Coker Ross. (2009). The Binge Eating and Compulsive Overeating Workbook. USA: New Harbinger Publications. Christina Paxon. (2010). Childhood Obesity. UK: Brookings Institution Press. Claire Etaugh, ‎Judith S. Bridges. (2015). Women's Lives: A Psychological Exploration. USA: Psychology Press. Claudio Donner, ‎Roger Goldstein, ‎Nicolino Ambrosino. (2005). Pulmonary Rehabilitation. UK: CRC Press. Corey H. Evans,Russell D. White. (2009). Exercise Testing for Primary Care and Sports Medicine Physicians. USA: Springer Shop. David P. Johns, ‎Koenraad J. Lindner. (2006). Physical Activity and Health of Hong Kong Youth. USA: Chinese University Press. David X. Cifu. (2015). Braddom's Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. UK: Elsevier Health Sciences. Davidson, Thomas ed. (1912). Chambers's Twentieth Century Dictionary of the English Language. London: W. & R. Chambers. Davison, K. K., Ford, E. S., Cogswell, M. E., Dietz, W. H. (2002). Percentage of body fat and body mass index are associated with mobility limitations in people aged 70 and older from NHANES III. J Am Geriatr Soc, 50: 1802 1809. Debasis Bagchi. (2010). Global Perspectives on Childhood Obesity: Current Status, Consequences and children obesity. USA: Access Online via Elsevier. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 33 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY Dennis T. Villareal, Marian Banks, Catherine Siener, David R. Sinacore, Samuel Klein. (2004 online 2012). Physical Frailty and Body Composition in Obese Elderly Men and Women. 12(6), 913 920. doi:10.1038/oby.2004.111 Forrest O. Moore, ‎Peter M. Rhee, ‎Samuel A. Tisherman. (2012). Surgical Critical Care and Emergency Surgery: Clinical Questions and Answers. UK: Wiley.com. Frank D. Rosato. (1995). Jogging and Walking for Health and Fitness. USA: Morton Publishing Company. Frank D. Rosato. (2000). Fitness for Wellness. USA: Kendall/Hunt Publishing Company. Frank Hu Associate Professor of Nutrition and Epidemiology Harvard School of Public Health . (2008). Obesity Epidemiology. UK: Oxford University Press. Frank Rosato. (2011). Walking and Jogging for Health and Wellness. USA: CengageBrain.com. George, J.D et al. (1997). Nonexercise VO2max estimation for physically active college students. Med. Sci. Sports Exerc, 29-415. Glenn Gaesser. (2013). Big Fat Lies: The Truth About Your Weight and Your Health. USA, Gruze Books. Gregory J. Welk, ‎William R. Corbin, ‎Ruth Lindsey. (2003). Concepts of Fitness and Wellness. USA: McGraw-Hill College. H. Matthys. (2013). Medizinische Tauchfibel. UK: Springer Shop. Haywood, Kathleen, ‎Getchell, Nancy -. (2014). Life Span Motor Development 6th Edition. USA: Human Kinetics. Henrik Loe, Sigurd Steinshamn, Ulrik Wisløff. (2014). Cardio-Respiratory Reference Data in 4631 Healthy Men and Women 20-90 Years: The HUNT 3 Fitness Study. PLOS, 1-22. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0113884 HEYWOOD, V. (2006). The Physical Fitness Specialist Manual, The Cooper Institute for Aerobics Research, Dallas TX, revised 2005. In: HEYWOOD, V (2006) Advanced Fitness Assessment and Exercise Prescription, Fifth Edition, Champaign, IL. . () Human Kinetics. Hugh Barton,Susan Thompson,Sarah Burgess,Marcus Grant. (2015). The Routledge Handbook of Planning for Health and Well-Being. UK: Routledge. Irfan Rahman, ‎Debasis Bagchi. (2013). Inflammation, Advancing Age and Nutrition. USA: Elsevier. Jackson, A. S., Blair, S. N., Mahar, M. T., Wier, L. T., Rossand, R. M., & Stuteville, J. E. (1990). Prediction of functional aerobic capacity without exercise testing. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise, 22(6), 863-870. James C. Grotta, ‎Gregory W. Albers, ‎Joseph P. Broderick. (2015). Stroke: Pathophysiology, Diagnosis, and Management. USA: Elsevier Health Sciences. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 34 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY James S. Skinner. (2005). Exercise Testing and Exercise Prescription for Special Cases: Theoretical. USA: Wolters Kluwer Health. James T Willerson, ‎Jay N. Cohn, ‎Hein J.J. Wellens. (2007). Cardiovascular Medicine. UK: Springer Shop. Jeffrey I. Mechanick, ‎Elise M. Brett. (2006). Nutritional Strategies for the Diabetic/Prediabetic Patient. usa: CRC Press. Jennifer G. Plebani. (2015). reatment-Seeking Alcohol and Cocaine Dependent Individuals with High BMIs and below Average Fitness Levels. Open Access Library Journal, 2, 1-4. doi: 10.4236/oalib.1101588 Joel A. DeLisa, ‎Bruce M. Gans, ‎Nicholas E. Walsh. (2005). Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation: Principles and Practice. USA: Wolters Kluwer Health. John Gormley, ‎Juliette Hussey. (2009). Exercise Therapy: Prevention and Treatment of Disease. UK: Wiley.com. John Porcari, ‎Cedric Bryant, ‎Fabio Comana. (2015). Exercise Physiology. USA: F.A. Davis. John Pucher, ‎Ralph Buehler. (2012). City Cycling. UK: The MIT Press. John Shepherd. (2013). The Complete Guide to Sports Training. UK: A&amp;C Black. Judith Worell. (2002). Encyclopedia of Women and Gender. UK: ACADIMICA PRESS. Karen Mazzeo, ‎Lauren Mangili. (2012). Fitness! USA: CengageBrain.com. Kathleen Keller. (2008). Encyclopedia of Obesity. UK: SAGE. Kazuyuki Kanosue, ‎Satomi Oshima, ‎Zhen-Bo Cao. (2015). Physical Activity, Exercise, Sedentary Behavior and Health. UK: Springer Shop. Kelli McCormack Brown,David Q. Thomas,Jerome Edward Koteck. (2002). Physical Activity and Health: An Interactive Approach. USA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Klaus F. Rabe, ‎Jadwiga A. Wedzicha , ‎Emiel F.M. Wouters. (2013). European Respiratory Monograph 59: COPD and Comorbidity. European: European Respiratory Society. Kohrt WM, Bloomfield SA, Little KD, Nelson MEYV. (2004). American college of sports medicine position stand: physical activity and bone health. Med Sci Sports Exerc, 36, 1985 1996. doi:10.1249/01.MSS.0000142662.21767.58. Larry Hoover. (2013). Metabolic States: Notes on Stress, Nutrition and Exercise. USA: Larrey Hoover. Liane Summerfield. (2015). Nutrition, Exercise, and Behavior: An Integrated Approach to Weight Management. USA: CengageBrain.com. Luke E. Kelly, ‎Vincent J. Melograno. (2014). Developing the Physical Education Curriculum An Achievement-Based Approach. USA: Waveland Press. Luke Edwardes-Evans. (2013). The Advanced Cyclists Training Manual: Fitness and Skills for Every Rider. UK: A&amp;C Black. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 35 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY Majed A Alabbad, Qassim I Muaidi. (2016). Incidence and prevalence of weight lifting injuries: An update. Saudi J Sports Med, 16 (1), 15-19. doi:10.4103/1319-6308.173476 Marcela González-Gross, y otros . (2014). Manual of operation The HELENA study. Zaragoza: Universidad de Zaragoza. Matthew W. Gillman, ‎Lucilla Poston. (2012). Maternal Obesity. UK: Cambridge University Press. Melinda S. Sothern. (2014). Safe and Effective Exercise for Overweight Youth. UK: CRC Press. Melinda S. Sothern, ‎Stewart T. Gordon, ‎T. Kristian von Almen. (2006). Handbook of Pediatric Obesity: Clinical Management. CRC Press. Meridith R. Blakely, ‎Sarah M. Timmons. (2008). Life Style and Health Research. USA: Nova Sciences publishers. Michael S. Sagiv. (2012). Exercise Cardiopulmonary Function in Cardiac Patients. UK: Springer Shop. Mikael Forglolm. (2001). Physical Activity: a Part of Healthy Eating?Report from a Nordic Seminar. Filannd: Nordic Seminar . Milenda L lrwin. (2011). ACSM's Guide to Exercise and Cancer Survivorship. USA: Human Kinetics. Neil Armstrong,Willem van Mechelen. (2008). Paediatric Exercise Science and Medicine. UK: Oxford University Press. Nick Cavill, ‎Sonja Kahlmeier, ‎Francesca Racioppi. (2006). Physical Activity and Health in Europe. Europe: World Health Organization. Norman Edward Robinson,Kim A. Sprayberry. (2009). Current Therapy in Equine Medicine. USA: Elsevier Health Sciences. P.R. Huotari. (2012). Issues in Orthopedics and Occupational and Sports. USA: scholary editions. Patrick Ledrappier. (2006). Guide de survie à l'usage des pères qui divorcent. Lausanne: Patrick Ledrappier. Paul Gamble. (2013). Strength and Conditioning for Team Sports. USA: Routledge. Paul M. Insel, ‎R. Elaine Turner, ‎Don Ross . (2004). Nutrition - Volume 1. USA: Jones & Bartlett Learning. Payal Gidwani Tiwari. (2015). Body Goddess: The Complete Guide on Yoga for Women. India: Random House India. Peter B. Bennett, Frans Cronjé, Ernest S. Campbell. (2006). Assessment of Diving Medical Fitness for Scuba Divers and Instructors. USA: Best Publishing Company. Peter J. Maud, ‎Carl Foster. (2006). Physiological Assessment of Human Fitness. USA: Human Kinetics. European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 36 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY Public Health England. (2016). Estimation of vo2max from a 1-mile track walk, gender, age, and body weight. England: National Child Measurement Programme and Health Survey. Retrieved from www.noo.org.uk/NOO_about_obesity/measurement Q. Ashton Acton, PhD. (2013). Hemodynamics—Advances in Research and Application. USA: Scholarey editions. Ramdane Almansba, Stanislaw Sterkowicz, R. Belkacem Katarzyna SterkowiczPrzybycien, D. Mahdad. ( 2010). Anthropometrical and physiological profiles of the Algerian Olympic judoists. ARCHIVES OF BUDO SCIENCE OF MARTIAL ARTS , 6(4), 185-193. Robert K. Creasy, ‎Robert Resnik, ‎Jay D. Iams. (2013). Creasy and Resnik's Maternal-Fetal Medicine. UK: Elsevier Health Sciences. Robert W. Wilmott, ‎Thomas F. Boat, ‎Andrew Bush. (2012). Kendig and Chernick's Disorders of the Respiratory Tract in Children. china: Elsevier Health Sciences. Ronald B. George. (2005). Chest Medicine: Essentials of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine. USA: Wolters Kluwer Health. Ronald J. Maughan. (2009). The Encyclopaedia of Sports Medicine. UK: Wiley.com. Ronald Ross Watson. (2014). Nutrition in the Prevention and Treatment of Abdominal Obesity. USA: Access Online via Elsevier. Roy J. Shephard. (2014). An Illustrated History of Health and Fitness, from Pre-History to our Post . UK: Springer Shop. Saker M, Merzouk H, Merzouk SA, Ahmed SB, Narce M. (2011). Predictive Factors of Obesity and their Relationships to Dietary Intake in Schoolchildren in Western Algeria. Maedica (Buchar), 6(2), 90-9. Sana Loue, ‎Martha Sajatovic. (2004). Encyclopedia of Women's Health. UK: Springer Shop. Sana Loue, ‎Martha Sajatovic, ‎Keith B. Armitage. (2004). Encyclopedia of Women's Health. UK: Springer Shop. Sanjay Agrawal. (2015). Obesity, Bariatric and Metabolic Surgery. UK: Springer Shop. Shah, ‎Sanjiv Shah, ‎Donna K. Arnett. (2014). Cardiovascular Genetics and Genomics in Clinical Practice. UK: Springer Publishing Company. Shaji John Kachanathu, Sami S Alabdulwahab, Nidhi Negi, Pooja Anand, Ashraf R Hafeez. (2016). An analysis of physical performance between backward and forward walking training in young healthy individuals. Saudi J Sports Med, 16(1), 68-73. doi:10.4103/1319-6308.165112 Susan M. Schembre, PhD, RD and Deborah A. Riebe, PhD. (2011). Non-exercise estimation of VO2max using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire. Meas Phys Educ Exerc Sci, 5(3), 168 181. doi: 10.1080/1091367X.2011.568369 European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 37 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idriss, Attouti Nouredine, Bengoua Ali – EFFECTS CLASS OBESE I, II, III HOUSEWIFES ON THE SYSTEM CARDIO-RESPIRATORY CAPACITY T. Douglas Bradley, ‎John S. Floras. (2009). T. Douglas Bradley, ‎John S. Floras. USA: CRC Press. T. Reilly, ‎. H. (2013). Science and Racket Sports I. USA: Taylor & Francis. Ted A. Baumgartner, ‎Matthew T. Mahar, ‎Andrew S. Jackson. (2015). Measurement for Evaluation in Kinesiology. USA: Jones & Bartelett Lerning. Tommy Boone. (2013). Introduction to Exercise Physiology. USA: Jones & bartlett Lerninig. U. Frey, ‎P.J.F.M. Merkus. (2010). European Respiratory Monograph 47. European: European Respiratory Society. Undurti N. Das. (2010). Metabolic Syndrome Pathophysiology: The Role of Essential Fatty Acids. USA: Wiley.com. UTH, N. et al. (2004). Estimation of VO2 max from the ratio between HRmax and HRrest -the Heart Rate Ratio Method. Eur J Appl Physiol, 91(1), 111-115. V.Courtney Broaddus, ‎Robert C Mason, ‎Joel D Ernst. (2015). Murray & Nadel's Textbook of Respiratory Medicine. USA: Elsevier Health Sciences. Vincent Antonetti, PhD. (2013). Senior Fitness - U.S. Edition. USA: No Paper press.com. Vincent Antonetti, PhD. (2013). Total Fitness for Men - U.K. Edition. USA: No paper press. Vincent Antonetti, PhD. (2013). Total Fitness for Women - U.K. Edition. U.K: no paper press. Walter Burniat,Tim J. Cole,Inge. (2006). Child and Adolescent Obesity: Causes and Consequences, Prevention and Management. UK: Cambridge University Press. Wener Hoeger, ‎Sharon Hoeger. (2015). Principles and Labs for Fitness and Wellness. USA: CengageBrain.com. Winnick, Joseph P., ‎Short, Francis. (2014). Brockport Physical Fitness Test Manual. USA: Human Kinetics. Zerf Mohammed. (2015). Impact of Preventing Pregnancy Methods and Their Relationships with the Level of Growth Fitness Body Health housewife Case Women Newlyweds. American Journal of Sports Science and Medicine, 3(5), 90-95. doi:10.12691/ajssm-3-5-2 Zerf Mohammed, Mokkedes Moulay Idris, Biengoua Ali, Bendahmane Med Nasreddin. (2015). Which Causal Relationships Can Reject or Accept the Significant Optimum Distribution Ratios Phases in the Triple Jump. American Journal of Sports Science, 3(4), 7378. doi:10.11648/j.ajss.20150304.12 European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016 38