European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.51105
Volume 1│Issue 2│January 2016
THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND
SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH - CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
Zerf Mohammedi
Department of Sports Training, Physical Education Institute Laboratory OPAPS,
University of Mostaganem, Mostaganem 27000, Algeria
Abstract:
Physical activity, health fitness and academic results are two very important goals in
the student life. Whereas Success in study lies in academic subjects in educational
establishment where Marshall, Nick Draper and Helen (2014) indicate that time of
physical activity is reduced to improve academic results in many countries thing
confirmed in university programs. While Riva L. Rahl (2010) confirms that spending,
increased time in structured physical education does not reduce academic achievement
and may even contribute to achievement case middle and high school in Algeria. From
this perspective, our outcome in this study reveals the contradictions between the two
philosophers which agreed the importance of physical education in the component of
the curriculum based on declaration of Jane M. Shimon (2011). Where others educators
approved that physical education and sports would never be a component of the
curriculum based on statement of Dhiraj Kumar Singh (2010) declaration. Whereas our
results based on body shape index (ABSI) and body composition BMI as health
measures confirm that the absence of lesson physical education and sport is a risk
factors on fitness health from that we agreed the philosophers that physical activities
are a very important activity in the life of our female students ♀ in different academic
specialty and in all levels of life (A K Sayed 2012). Where Helen Toner et al confirm the
Sport practice is a physical and a mental effort that we make to use extra energy of our
body consume regularly (Helen Toner, John Reynolds , 2016 ) which guides us that
Sport is the key to a healthier life according to Ali Narvani et al (2014) where Frank
Webbe(2010) and Tomporowski, Phillip (2015) confirm that the role of physical activity
has a great role
in the development of brain networks and the adaptive mental
function.
i
Corresponding author: Zerf Mohammed, biomeca.zerf@outlook.com
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by European Open Access Research Association ©2015.
6
Zerf Mohammed –
THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
Keywords: physical education sports lesson, fitness health, female students♀
1.
Introduction
Physical education is an educational course related to the physique of the human body.
It is taken during primary and secondary education and encourages psychomotor
learning in a play or movement exploration setting to promote health. (Anderson, D,
1989) whereas this practice differs from country to another for example, In France,
physical education has been a compulsory subject since 1880 and 1882. Every week the
pupils are taught 3 hours of PE in primary school, 4 hours in the first form of secondary
school, then 3 hours in high school (Mrs Rajani. J. Dalvi, 2014). While in South America
(including Caribbean countries) 73 minutes in primary schools and 87 minutes in
secondary schools (Ken Hardman,Ken Green, 2011). Where in Algeria are 2 hours per
week in middle and high school (Boubeker YAHIAOUI, 2013) whereas it is absent in
university programs where this difference leads us to the short time required to engage
the student in physical activity thing confirmed by the studies which indicate that time
of physical activity is reduced to improve academic results in many countries.
(Marshall, Nick Draper and Helen 2014) Whereas the researchers discovered that
exercise influenced specific measures of cognition and academic achievement.
(Tomporowski, Phillip, McCullick, Bryan, Pesce, Catherine, 2015)
From this perspective the importance of this study was to reveal the
contradictions between the two philosophers which agreed the importance of physical
component of the curriculum (Jane M. Shimon, 2011) and other approved which
confirm that physical education and sports would never be a component of the
curriculum (Dhiraj Kumar Singh, 2010).
Since the foregoing is consistent with the absence of physical education and sport
from university programs, our objectives in this study line on the beneficial effects of
Physical Education within and beyond the curriculum to successfully participate in
physical activity throughout life thing confirmed by Dominic Haydn et al (Dominic
Haydn-Davies, Emerick Kaitell, 2010) and Bette Loef et all (Bette Loef, Ellen L. de
Hollander, Cécile R.L. Bootb, Karin I. Proper, 2016). Where the effect of the physical
inactivity contributes to substantially and global burden of disease confirmed by James
F. Sallis et al (James F. Sallis and Jordan A. Carlson, 2015), Pate, Russell R et al (Pate,
Russell R., Buchner, David, 2014)and Lee, I-M, Shiroma FJ et al (Lee, I-M, Shiroma FJ,
Lobelo F, et al, 2012). Based on the review of literature Sport is fundamentally a social
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed –
THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
phenomenon that encompasses all of these social forms of human activity (Prof. Karin
Volkwein-Caplan , 2013).
From that our addresses in this study come to examined the effects of the Nature
and timing courses on the Health and Physical performance base on the reviews of
literature where the WHO recommendations the body mass index (BMI) calculated
from body weight and height and waist circumference (WC), are a valid indicator of
fitness and health risk supported by many studies Marzena Malara, “nna Kęska,
Joanna Tkaczyk and Grażyna Lutosławska,
. In another, our researches come to
determine the impact of the physically active as lifestyle which reduce pain and
contribute to an improved physiological, emotional and social functioning in everyday
life. Where Lauralee Sherwood (Lauralee Sherwood, 2006 ) confirms that mostly
teenage girls or young women who have a morbid fear of gaining weight. Whereas
George A. Bray (George A. Bray, 2014) confirm that there have been cases of obese
students being dismissed from college on the basis of weight despite good academic
Based on this backgrounder our data analysis come to check and prevent the effect of its
devices quality of life School Student where the most deference is in the presence and
absence of EPS lesson in educational programs. From the principle that a healthy mind
is linked to a healthy body where the similar studies by Nishant K. Baxi (Nishant K.
Baxi, 2015) and Swami Mukundananda (Swami Mukundananda, 2014) that Healthy
Mind Healthy Body Ways to Boost Your Overall Well Being where Carroll et al (Carroll
et al, 2014) confirmed there have been cases of obese students being dismissed from
college on the basis of weight despite good academic. While Gerard E. Mullin (Gerard
E. Mullin, 2014) mentioned that research has shown that high school students benefit
more from obesity prevention interventions than middle school that Effect of
structured.
From the proofs our aim in this study is summarized in the question what effect
can it falls in lack of physical activity in the educative program‽ While all studies
confirm that physical activity prevention of major Health Physical Abilities, whereas de
Hollander et al (de Hollander et al, 2015) confirm that Exercise- and sports behavior of
people with a chronic disease or physical disability thing confirmed by Bette Loef et al
that Physical activity of workers with and without chronic diseases (Bette Loef, Ellen L.
de Hollander, Cécile R.L. Bootb, Karin I. Proper, 2016). Our interventions are based on
the reality of our educational system university which does not correspond to the
description of Lynea Gillen et al (Lynea Gillen, Jim Gillen, 2008) that the focus on
academic learning is important, in order to preserve a comprehensive approach to
teaching children social and emotional skills. Where Marlow Edigier (Marlow Ediger ,
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
8
Zerf Mohammed –
THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
2010) indicate that still leaves social studies are in art, music, and physical education on
the periphery of curriculum areas. A balanced school curriculum should make for a
well-rounded individual in all academic disciplines. However, J. Brinker (J. Brinker,
2008) confirms that participation in health-related physical education classes can have a
positive effect on students' academic achievement.
2.
Methods
2.1
Study population and design
The data of this cross-sectional study was conducted in the Laboratory OPAPS"
Physical Education Institute" University of Mostaganem for academic years 2014-2015,
where we have measured Body mass and body height using standard medical
equipment. Body mass index (BMI) was calculated as body mass (kg) divided by height
(m) squared (Amie Brooks, Steven T. Boyd, Cynthia Sanoski, 2015). Waist circumference
(WC) was measured in the midway section between the lower edge ribs and the iliac
crest (World Health Organization (WHO), 2008). A Body Shape Index (ABSI) was
calculated according to Krakauer NY and Krakauer JC (Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC,
2012) formula:
ABSI=WC(m)/[BMI2/3×height (m)1/2]
The research samples were selected by the intentional manner included 60 students
ages
,
± ,
years’ account
total
girls who will pass the baccalaureat,
grils
first year department languages and 20 first year physical education and sports for the
academic year 2014-2015.
2.2
Statistical analysis
All calculations variables were carried out using SPSS v 20, the Baseline characteristics
of the sample homogeneity was calculating by Anova which are note significant in Age,
Weight and Height listed in table 1 and Fig1 whereas all variables chosen to detect The
impact of the lack of physical education and sports lesson on fitness health are
significant at the 0.05 level listed in table2 and Fig2.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed –
THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
Variables
N
Age years
Weight (kg)
Height (m)
Mean
S-D
Students EPS
20
18,95
0,69
Students Bac
20
18,85
0,75
Students Language
20
18,65
0,67
Total
60
18,82
0,70
Students EPS
20
54,15
3,25
Students Bac
20
54,25
3,31
Students Language
20
56,20
3,64
Total
60
54,87
3,48
Students EPS
20
1,53
0,02
Students Bac
20
1,54
0,03
Students Language
20
1,52
0,05
Total
60
1,54
0,04
F
Sig
0,95
0,39
2,31
0,11
1,28
0,28
Table 1: Homogeneity statistics of the sample
56,2
54,25
54,15
60
50
40
30
18,95
18,85
18,65
20
10
1,53
1,54
1,52
0
Scholar EPS
Scholar Bac
AGE
Scholar Language
Weight
Height
Figure 1: Homogeneity statistics of the sample
Variables
BMI (kg/m2)
ABSI
WC (cm)
N
Mean
S-D
Students EPS
20
22,76
0,43
Students Bac
20
22,77
0,44
Students Language
20
24,22
1,53
Total
60
23,25
1,16
Students EPS
20
,0755
Students Bac
20
,0760
,005
Students Language
20
,0795
,005
Total
60
,0770
,00394
Students EPS
20
31,39
2,82
Students Bac
20
31,58
2,90
Students Language
20
35,58
3,16
Total
60
32,85
3,50
F
Sig
15,50
0,00
4,26
0,02
12,76
0,00
Table 2 : BMI – body mass index; ABSI- a body shape index and
WC statistics of the sample
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed –
THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
35,581
40
31,5785
31,39
30
22,76
24,22
22,77
20
10
0,0755
0,076
0,0795
Scholar EPS
Scholar Bac
Scholar Language
0
BMI
ABSI
WC
Figure 2: BMI – body mass index; ABSI- a body shape index and
WC statistics of the sample
3.
Results
LSD
EPS
Bac
BMI
Students EPS
--
-,01
(kg/m2)
Students Bac
0,01
---
Language
Correlations
-1,46* BMI
Pearson
-1,44*
Sig.
EPS
1,00
Bac
Language
,455**
,758**
0,00
0,00
60,00
60,00
60,00
,455**
1,00
,800**
(2-
tail)
Students Language
ABSI
1,46* 1,44*
Students EPS
--
0,00
Students Bac
0,00
---
---
N
-,004* ABSI Pearson
-,003*
Sig.
(2-
0,00
0,00
tail)
Students Language
,004* ,003*
WC
Students EPS
--
-0,18
(cm)
Students Bac
0,18
---
---
N
60,00
60,00
60,00
-4,19* WC
Pearson
,758**
,800**
1,00
-4,00*
Sig.
0,00
0,00
60,00
60,00
(2-
tail)
Students Language
4,19* 4,00*
*. The mean difference is significant at the 0.05 level.
---
N
60,00
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level
Table 3: LSD and the correlation of the variables chosen to study
Tough the table 2 were the Anova is significant in all compare retests allowing us to
calculate the LSD to reclassified the sample based on ABSI which is a recently proposed
index that standardizes waist circumference for body mass index (BMI) and height
according to (Yin Bun Cheung, 2014) Cheung YB, Krakauer NY, and Krakauer JC
(Krakauer NY, Krakauer JC, 2012) our EPS students record Lowest level BMI, ABSI and
WC followed by Bac students with a single difference significant in WC in the opposite
with Language students healthy body are in the benefits Students EPS based on
correlation calculate who is strong positive significant at the 0.01 level we confirm the
impact of the lack of physical education and sports lesson on fitness health where our
result confirm that the levels of BMI and WC are correlate with the level ABSI from that
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed –
THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
in one hand we line with finding of Manoj Sharma, Professor Health Promotion and
Education University (Cincinnati Manoj Sharma, Ashutosh Atri, 2011) that the effect
return to the physical education instructional time on level body mass index (BMI) in
other we referred to (Flanagan, Sarah, 2008) Flanagan, Sarah that the Increasing BMI
and WC are related to lower performance where James M. Rippe et al (James M.
Rippe, Theodore J. Angelopoulos, 2012) confirm that Measure of the Waist
Circumference is the most practical clinical approach to classify Overweight and
Obesity by BMI, Waist Circumference, and Associated Disease Risk according to
Alexandra Kazaks and Judith S. Stern (Alexandra Kazaks, Judith S. Stern, 2012). Our
results confirmed the theory that indicates the correlation between sport practice and
healthy body according to James F. Sallis, et all (2015) (James F. Sallis and Jordan A.
Carlson, 2015), Pate, Russell R et al (2014) (Pate, Russell R., Buchner, David, 2014) and
Lee, I-M, et al (Lee, I-M, Shiroma FJ, Lobelo F, et al, 2012), (2012) in concepts of physical
activity and sport is actions considered to be favorable to health (Wladimir Andreff, S.
Szymanski, Stefan Szymanski, 2006). From the approve we agreed the judgment of
Stuart Biddle et al (Stuart Biddle and Nanette Mutrie, 2001) that We must get serious
importance about improving the health of the nation by affirming our commitment to
healthy physical activity in our case integration EPS subject in the university programs
of different academic specialties like high school 2 hours per week on the basis of our
results (pretest and retest. For the reasons we confirm that the relationship of physical
activity and cognitive competence has been approached primarily in the context of
intellectual development and academic achievement thing confirmed by Nicholas G.
Norgan (Society for the Study of Human Biology. Symposium, Nicholas G. Norgan ,
1992) and Stuart J. H. Biddle et al (Stuart J. H. Biddle, Nanette Mutrie, Trish Gorely,
2015). In our case Imposed law of fitness and health in all sectors educations.
4.
Discussion
From the data statistical differentiate we observe that the lack of subject physical
education and sport as unit educational in the program of department literature
languages increase the body fat stored in the body Waist circumference where the WC
is a valid measure of abdominal fat mass and disease according to Sanjay Agrawal
(Sanjay Agrawal, 2015) confirmed by Linda A. Ferrera (Linda A. Ferrera, 2005) in the
linear relationship between Body Fat and the Function of the Increase in Body Weight
in other we referee Karine Clement et al confirm that woman obesity is observed in
waist circumference and sagittal abdominal diameter (Karine Clement, Thorkild I. A.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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Zerf Mohammed –
THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
Sorensen, 2007) while Debasis Bagchi et al (Debasis Bagchi, Harry G. Preuss, 2012) set
that women tend to store fat in the gluteal and femoral (thigh) areas. According to level
of ABSI we agreed that miss of physical activities can be a serious health problem which
conducted to severe consequences according to medical studies (N. A. Garrett et al,
2004) . Education physical sport studies confirm that Regular practices physical activity
as EPS and Bac girls develop the fitness health which promote health (L. B. Robbins et
al, 2001) otherwise the physical activity increases the capacity function which upon the
quality of life. Differently the low exercise level confirms our hypotheses that idler time
due to hours of study deteriorate the Health Physical Abilities. From that we
recommend the subject of Physical activity as a treatment to compensate the level of
traffic during the week where the similar study show that student engaged in daily
physical activity show better motor activity, academic performance (Ms Jacqueline
Merchant, Ms Barbara Griffin, Anne Charnock, 2007) approved by Committee on
Physical Activity (Committee on Physical Activity and Physical Education in the School
Environment,Institute of Medicine,Food and Nutrition Board, 2013) and Dan J Graham
et al (Dan J Graham,James Aaron Hipp,Simon Marshall,Jacqueline Kerr, 2014).
However, in our case where the Nature and timing courses to improve academic
results on slim down the time of physical activities conduct our students’ department
languages to Physical inactivity which is recognized as an important risk factor for
multiple causes of death and chronic morbidity and disability (Majid Ezzati, 2004). It
also increases the risk of stroke and such other major cardiovascular risk factors as
obesity, high blood pressure, low HDL ("good") cholesterol and diabetes (Noemie P.
Beaulieu, 2008) on the basis of the results of School Student department literature
languages.
In addition, we recommended the physical activities which improve endurance
and strength, allowing the practitioner to perform activities more effectively and for
longer periods. (Jerrold S. Greenberg, George B. Dintiman, Barbee Myers Oakes, 2004)
from that our result line in The investigation of the relationships between improve
academic results, physical activity, fitness, and health which are an important research
field (Krell-Rösch, Janina, 2014) to improve the health fitness by integrating law of
fitness and health in all different levels academics specialties and educational level.
5.
Conclusions
Based on Physical education is a learning process which uses physical activities to
improve skills, fitness and attitude of an individual to achieve optimum health fitness
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
(Suparmanputra Hehamahua, Anak Agung, Wayan Pedjeng, 2015). We confirm that
physical activity in the long-term was associated with better health-related in the
contents of the training program. Where the wellbeing of body students of Physical
Education and Sports Institute in tests detrimental effects of fat excess on health
Compared to the other groups explain to us that Training is designed to change the
behavior of the Student in the study place in order to stimulate efficiency and higher
performance standards (Blessing Adegoke, 2013) from that we agreed that The quality
of Human Resource is an asset to any organization and as a result Training (Dr. David
Ackah, Makafui R. Agboyi, 2014). Through the approved we confirm that Sport is
fundamentally a social phenomenon that encompasses all of these social forms of
human activity (Karin Volkwein-Caplan, 2013) where the physical activity required to
maintain optimal health which is regular, planned, and structured with the aim of
improving or maintaining of one or more aspects of physical fitness (Encyclopedia of
Human Nutrition, 2012) a result which consist with the advantage of the two hours per
week integrate into the high school program case Bac group.
Accordingly, to our results, we referee to Brigham Young et al (Brigham Young
University Alton L Thygerson, Steven M Thygerson, 2015) and Carol D Tamparo (Carol
D Tamparo, 2016) that A Body Shape Index (ABSI) The BMI has been used for years to
determine body composition, including healthy fitness rating which determine healthrelated agility, balance, body composition, cardiorespiratory endurance (McConnell,
Karen, Corbin, Charles, Corbin, David, 2014) where Sharon A. Plowman et al (Sharon
A. Plowman and Denise L. Smith, 2013) confirm the physical fitness is composed of
components representing as a vital component of the physical education curriculum
confirmed by Anne Williams et al (Anne Williams and Joanne Cliffe, 2011) and John
Porcari et al (John Porcari, Cedric Bryant, Fabio Comana, 2015). Whereas the lack of
physical education and sports lesson case department languages risk obesity which is a
severe healthy consequence in the nearest future (N. A. Garrett et al, 2004)where our
result line with the found Chaffin (1974) according to Mark Cook, (Mark Cook, 2016)
that any work demands some strength and physical capacity thing confirmed by Grant
R. Tomkinson (Grant R. Tomkinson,Tim Olds, 2011) in case the relationship fitness and
the education programme.
In general, the concept of fitness and its health benefits are vital components of a
physical education curriculum( Lynn Dale Housner)2000 ،. where the integration of
these two very important content areas as approach lifestyle in university.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 2 │ 2016
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THE IMPACT OF THE LACK OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS LESSON ON FITNESS HEALTH CASE FEMALE STUDENTS
Conflict of interest
The author declares that there are no conflicts of interest.
Acknowledgments
We are grateful to the Laboratory OPAPS, Physical Education Institute, University of
Mostaganem. Where this study was released for the design; collection, analysis, and
interpretation of data; writing of the report; or the decision to submit the manuscript for
publication the author is the solely responsible.
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