European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.57247
Volume 2│Issue 1│2016
EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON DEPRESSION AND
ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF MALE STUDENTS OF SECONDARY
SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
Hasan Shahbazi1, Tahereh Ghasemi2
MA, Physical Education and Sport Science, Science and Research Branch,
1
Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
2
MA, Sport Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
Abstract:
This paper aimed to investigate the effect of physical activity on depression and
academic performance of male students of secondary schools in Kermanshah Province
conducted. Research method is field and quasi-experimental. The study population
consisted of secondary school students in Kermanshah province, the number is 45,000
and statistical sample was 450 randomly selected districts of the city in three groups of
athletes (individual and group) and non-athletes group and individual athletes and two
groups at least three sessions per week for eight weeks. In addition, each had a half
hour of physical activity, while non-athletes in this period did not have any physical
activity. In this study, the Beck Depression Inventory questionnaire to collect
information needed to assess depression and for academic performance the mean
students at the end of school year 2007-2008 used. Statistical methods, descriptive
statistics and parametric and non-parametric correlation coefficient appropriate and
one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and post hoc tests were used. The results
showed that physical activity reduces depression and improves academic performance
at the significance level α= .5 .
Keywords: depression, Kermanshah Province, athletes, team discipline, academic
performance
Introduction
In all fields human knowledge is always in progress and scientific knowledge is one
added on its scope is wider, science, physical education and sport is no exception.
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
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Hasan Shahbazi, Tahereh Ghasemi EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON DEPRESSION AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF MALE
STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
Physical education is one of the phenomena that all communities, especially young
people need it and can benefit from the valuable fruits, however, if this phenomenon
with a set of ideas, beliefs and scientific achievements to be mixed sure, will have a
double impact (2). Growing science and technology in the modern world, science is of
extreme importance to have found each other. In fact, sciences such as psychology,
sociology, medicine, education and physical training alone needs and their deficits are
grown without the use of science and expand.
Physical education, in turn, takes advantage of the various sciences and that
physical education is of great importance (9). Physical education considered as one of
science that derives from human sciences such as psychology, education, sociology,
psychiatric, or natural sciences such as physics, chemistry, mechanics, medical, etc. and
in this way as new knowledge which, according to one research location was more. In
certain fields of science and psychology, especially targeted and with the use of the
scientific method, attempts to discover the physical laws of motion as well as various
factors psychological, social, cultural, educational, medical, etc. The most effective and
best advanced in global health and psychological problems and things that move or
achieve will depend on the relationship between them. Science, physical education and
sport sciences and also achieve further progress and rose in the community requires a
lot of research in this field. Because the field is wide scope and has much in common
with other sciences and principles of science is another widely and its principles have
been divided thus: "Fundamentals of history, exercise physiology, sport psychology
principles, Community Foundations of sport and exercise biomechanics" (3).
In today's world the advancement of technology and automation, has limited
human movement and physical activity and sport as a powerful tool in creating
mobility and social health, but human life is one of the effects of exercise and physical
training on body and soul this shortcoming with the progress of science and research
scholars. Researchers and specialists in physical education partly been met, and the
role of physical activity in health and human physical and mental health is recognized
and has no doubt about the effects of exercise in the prevention and treatment of many
diseases. For example, in the prevention and treatment of cardiovascular diseases sports
to be remembered as a very important factor, psychologists and psychiatric and
neurological patients use it to reduce stress. The expansion of the role of physical
activity and exercise in human life, physical education experts and researchers in the
world in seeking the role of sport and physical activity and movement in the human
brain are forming mental performance, through research the relationship between
physical and mental activities to discover (9). Therefore, due to the impact of various
aspects of the human mind and body in the task of teachers and trainers is clear and
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STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
various aspects of the education of the child shall be taken into account. Moreover,
never pay attention to one of the aspects more than others and other aspects remain
unaware, we believe in the principle when a reasonable person thinks. Life can be
successful in solving problems have a healthy body. The simultaneous growth and
health of humans realized returns; the new psychology has also proved that should
never neglect the growth of the human body, because the body's growth and
development, in the intellectual and character development of individuals is like the
famous "healthy mind in a healthy body" confirmed (7).
Depression is a disorder that is very common in the community and especially
students in the class can be excellent opportunities for progress and future job
placement completely take them.
The necessity of educating students for the future that would guarantee the
future of a society, this creates the need to eliminate or reduce them strive mental
disorders. One of the ways to reduce depression in students is concerned, their leisure
time in various activities including sports activities center is programs focus on sports
and sports activities for the students is a special place. Several research results rates of
depression in people participating in sports activities compared to non-athletes and
athletes have shown (1).
Review of Literature
Internal investigations
Mohammad Safdar Nia in 2008 examined the effect of regular physical activity in
individual and team sports centers on the academic achievement of male students in the
first year of the new system Abo Rayhan high school, Region 2 Education in Tehran.
The effect of regular physical activity on academic achievement measured, the regular
activities on two groups of students applied to one group served as the control group is
selected. However, the average decline in the group of athletes than non-athletes as well
as lower average grade population while reducing the average non-athlete group is
greater than the natural average and anyway athletes have higher grade point averages
than non-athletes.
Mir Massoud Mirzadeh (1994) in a study entitled "Effects of Exercise on a select
group of academic achievement of students in elementary boys Anzali city since
religious education as an integral component of a comprehensive education in any
accepted, it is appropriate. The unknown effects of the courses also help contribute to
the teaching and learning experience is better. Thereby enabling to increase efficiency in
education can be attained. This study looked at the effect of exercise to examine student
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achievement with regard to the various effects of exercise training in social and cultural
life and experimental exercise began on student achievement. The fourth grade students
in 17 September, which there are 32 students, were randomly selected and then
randomly divided into two experimental and control groups for 10 weeks between first
and second was third. The control group did not do any exercise as a result, the
experimental group exams after the second third of the mean 1.30 on average achieved
while the control group was only 4, which was statistically significant from the point of
view (4).
Esmail Nasiri between the public body fitness and academic performance of
students in gifted and ordinary first-class high school in Tehran "did, it conclude that:
first, students move between school performance and fitness level is not normal.
Secondly, on average, there is no significant difference recessions gifted students and
ordinary first-class motor fitness tips. Thirdly significant correlation between academic
performance and overall fitness level of the gifted students observed, while there was
no such communication in relation to the average student (11).
Mohammad Shabani to obtain a master's degree in 1998 to examine the
relationship between motor activity and academic performance of their payments
concluded that there is a significant relationship between dynamic equilibrium and
fourth and fifth grade student’s academic performance. While there is no significant
correlation between the static balance, coordination, speed, accuracy and perceptual
abilities and academic performance motion (6).
Although several studies have shown, there is a relationship between physical
activity and academic performance. However, the results show that there is correlation
between physical activity and academic performance. However, the results are different
in the sense that the correlation between physical activity and academic performance in
various studies are not the same, but the level of depression in athletes than nonathletes is low and partly reflecting the effect of exercise on depression.
Foreign research
Backyt Bro, assistant professor of sociology at Wittenberg University in Ohio, in the
year (2005), a treatise published sociological education, which concluded that
participation in sports activities are more than any other extracurricular activity,
improved education is high school teens. Singer first year (1968), a study concluded that
the test Stanford-Binet and Wechsler IQ test both highly correlated with the
performance (10).
Arendtt (1968) examined the relationship between physical fitness and academic
performance of the contract. His analysis concluded, those in higher education are more
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STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
successful than physical fitness (10). Kagerze (1970) on the importance of physical
activity in the growth and development of children and adolescents concluded that the
correlation between physical activity and academic performance is significant (1). The
findings of Kirkendal (1986) represent a moderate positive correlation between
movements and academic performance (14).
"Sloosh" (1964) the academic performance of different groups of high school
athletes and non-athletes compared with 100 people. He used Lorg Thorndiktest test.
Players group including 100 baseball player, 100 basketball players, 50 swimmers, 50
wrestler and football player was 100. The results show that non-athlete academic
performance of students is significantly higher than in athletes (8). Palmer J.A.L.K;
Michiels, Thighben (1995) America about the effects of these structural exercise (aerobic,
fitness and circuit training) have started research on depression, and the results showed
significant reduction in depression bodybuilding program a sample is triggered (12).
In 1995 Coyle C. P. Santiago M.C in a study of aerobic training and treatment of
depression in adults with disabilities did. In addition, the researchers concluded that
aerobic training increases aerobic fitness and reduced depression (12). Night and Coln
(1983) experimental study with twenty students to performance for the treatment of
depression, and they believe were started in Pennsylvania that problems are solved in
an acceptable and counselor reported the Group also confirms this point (13).
McMahon (1990) Effects of physical exercise on anxiety, stress, depression and
self-confidence investigated. According to the results of the data analysis, he believes
the intensity of training with the improvement in sample group members had no direct
relationship (5).
Methods
In this study, the academic performance of student athletes and depression groups (a
noticeable statistical) compared with the non-athlete. Minister correlation between
depression and academic performance of its collections in three groups of subjects have
been obtained is quasi-experimental research method. To make these comparisons on
school performance and depression in three groups under consideration is the best way
ANOVA post hoc tests were used. In addition, try to be as much as possible the number
of sessions at the center of sports, exercise three times a week for eight weeks done.
For the academic performance of the students' average grade of group activities
(150) singles (150) and 150 disabled athletes extracted scale of 0 to 20 degree in the 20082007 school years in selected secondary schools in the city are studying. The rate of
depression for selected students groups and individual and non-athletes of the Beck
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Depression levels from the point that subjects filling out the questionnaires used Beck
Depression Inventory obtained. The researchers are working and that is the type of
physical activity on academic performance and depression is effective or not?
Population
The population of this study included all middle school students in Kermanshah
province, 2008-2007 academic years to a total of 45,000 people.
Sample
According to its vast population, after coordination with the Department of Education
in Kermanshah province cities - Qasr-e Shirin, Gilan Gharb, Sarpoolzahab, Islamabad
Gharb, Gahvareh, Karand Gharb, Gavavr, Mahidasht, Rawansar randomly chosen that
(10) city of the province are appropriately qualified and researchers to choose samples
in the early years of secondary school. The second and third goals of the research
outlines deals and in relation to the characteristics of the subjects mentioned.
Accordingly, the total numbers of 450 students, high school students qualify are listed.
In three groups of 150 people in individual and team sports athletes elected by nondisabled students this is the condition for both groups of students. Individual sports in
the regular raising of the 2008-2007 school years in sports associations to participate in
physical activities and other groups do not participate in physical activity or possibly
have no desire to engage in physical education classes.
Methods of data collection
To collect information on this study, three groups of students used, two groups of
students are
regular physical activities and athletic fields and individual sports
associations are active in the academic year 2008-2007 and the third group of nonathletes who formed and they do not do regular exercises. For the academic
performance of the subjects that the average grade mined and used their qualification
and also to measure the Beck depression score that is elected by filling out the
questionnaires used Beck Depression Inventory obtained.
Results
Inferential analysis of data
In this segment by using inferential statistics and analytical processes, assess the
statistical hypotheses concerning the purposes of research. Generally in this section are
presented separately for each of the goals. Computer calculates Pearson correlation
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STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
coefficients of correlation coefficients and a significant amount of the resulting
probability tables.
Table 1: Correlation between variables in terms of sport and academic performance, depression
Depression
Lack of
Borderline
intensity
depression
depression
Mild depression
Moderate
depression
Kind of sport
Group
.
.
-
.
.
.
-
.
.
.
-
R
.
r2
p
-
-
N
Single
-
R
.
-
.
.
-
.
r2
.
.
.
.
p
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
r2
.
.
.
.
p
.
.
.
.
N
Athlete
-
R
N
Study of special purpose (2)
Calculating the correlation between lack of depression and academic performance in
the subjects of team sports, individual and non-athletes
-
Calculating the correlation between lack of depression and academic
performance in the subjects of team sports:
According to the findings of the table 1, a significant amount table (0.492) at 5%
level is not significant (0.492 <0.05) and therefore, there is no correlation between these
two variables in the subjects of this group.
In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two variables
or (R=0) in this group will not be rejected at the significant level 0.05. Coefficient of
determination (0.0046) in the table is very small and is almost close to zero, indicating
no relationship between these two variables in this group.
-
Calculating the correlation between lack of depression and academic
performance in the subjects of single sports:
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STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
According to the findings of the table 1, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.046),
significant quantities table (0.659) was not at 5% level significant (0.659 <0.05) and
therefore, there is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this
group. In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two
variables or (R=0) in this group will not be rejected at the significant level 0.05.
Coefficient of determination (0.0021) in the table is very small and is almost close to
zero, indicating no relationship between these two variables in this group.
Study of special purpose (3)
-
Calculating the correlation between lack of depression and academic
performance in the subjects of non-athlete sports:
According to the findings of the table 1, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.019),
significant quantities table (0.863) was not at 5% level significant (0.863 <0.05) and
therefore, there is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this
group. In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two
variables or (R=0) in this group will not be rejected at the significant level 0.05.
Coefficient of determination (0.0036) in the table is very small and is almost close to
zero, indicating no relationship between these two variables in this group.
Study of special purpose (4)
Calculating the correlation between borderline depression and academic performance
in the subjects of team sports, individual and non-athletes
-
Calculating the correlation between borderline depression and academic
performance in the subjects of team sports:
According to the findings of the table 1, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.226),
significant quantities table (0.334) was not at 5% level significant (0.234 <0.05) and
therefore, there is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this
group. In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two
variables or (R=0) in this group will not be rejected at the significant level 0.05.
Coefficient of determination (0.0046) in the table is very small and is almost close to
zero, indicating no relationship between these two variables in this group.
-
Calculating the correlation between borderline depression and academic
performance in the subjects of non-athlete sports:
According to the findings of the table 1, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.082),
significant quantities table (0.665) was not at 5% level significant (0.665 <0.05) and
therefore, there is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this
group. In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two
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STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
variables or (R=0) in this group will not be rejected. Coefficient of determination (0.05)
in the table is very small and is almost close to zero, indicating no relationship between
these two variables in this group.
Study of special purpose (5)
Calculating the correlation between mild depression and academic performance in the
subjects of non-athlete sports:
-
Calculating the correlation between mild depression and academic performance
in the subjects of team sports:
According to the findings of the table 1, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.866),
significant quantities table (0.005) was not at 5% level significant (0.05 and 0.005). In
other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two variables or (R = 0)
in this group will not be rejected. Coefficient of determination (0.75) in the table is
remarkable and indicating relationship between these two variables in this group.
-
Calculating the correlation between mild depression and academic performance
in the subjects of single sports:
According to the findings of the table 1, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.536),
significant quantities table (0.039) was not at 5% level significant (0.039 <0.05) and
therefore, there is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this
group. In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two
variables or (R=0) in this group will not be rejected. Coefficient of determination (0.28)
in the table is small, indicating weak relationship between these two variables in this
group.
-
Calculating the correlation between mild depression and academic performance
in the subjects of non-athlete sports:
According to the findings of the table 1, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.203),
significant quantities table (0.404) was not at 5% level significant (0.404 <0.05) and
therefore, there is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this
group. In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two
variables or (R=0) in this group will not be rejected. Coefficient of determination (0.041)
in the table is small and is almost close to zero, indicating no relationship between these
two variables in this group.
Study of special purpose (6)
Calculating the correlation between moderate depression and academic performance in
the subjects of non-athlete sports:
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STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
-
Calculating the correlation between moderate depression and academic
performance in the subjects of single sports:
According to the findings of the table 1, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.396),
significant quantities table (0.257) was not at 5% level significant (0.05<0.257) and
therefore, there is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this
group. In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two
variables or (R=0) in this group will not be rejected. Coefficient of determination (0.15)
in the table is remarkable and indicating relationship between these two variables in
this group.
-
Calculating the correlation between moderate depression and academic
performance in the subjects of non-athlete sports:
According to the findings of the table 1, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.131),
significant quantities table (0.629) was not at 5% level significant (0.629<0.05) and
therefore, there is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this
group. In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two
variables or (R= 0) in this group will not be rejected. Coefficient of determination (0.015)
in the table is small, indicating weak relationship between these two variables in this
group.
Study of special purpose (7)
The correlation between depression and academic performance in the subjects of team
sports, individual and non-athletes
The correlation between depression and academic performance in the subjects of
team sports:
Table 2: Correlation between depression and academic performance variables depending on the
type of sport
Kind of sport
Depression / Academic performance
Group
r
-
.
r2
.
p
.
N
Single
r
.
r2
.
p
.
N
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Non-athlete
-
r
.
r2
.
p
.
N
According to the findings of the table 2, Pearson correlation coefficient (-0.168),
significant quantities table (0.048) was not at 5% level significant (0.048 <0.05) Therefore,
due to the proximity of the two values between these two variables in the subjects of
this group, and a weak inverse correlation can be observed. In other words, the null
hypothesis of no correlation between these two variables or (R = 0) in this group will not
be rejected. Coefficient of determination (0.256) in the table is small, indicating weak
relationship between these two variables in this group.
-
Calculating the correlation between depression and academic performance in the
subjects of team sports:
According to the findings of the table 2, Pearson correlation coefficient (-0.047),
significant quantities table (0.569) was not at 5% level significant (0.569 <0.05) and, there
is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this group. In other
words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two variables or (R = 0) in
this group will not be rejected at the significant level 0.05. Coefficient of determination
(0.001) in the table is very small and is almost close to zero, indicating no relationship
between these two variables in this group.
-
Calculating the correlation between depression and academic performance in the
subjects of non-athlete sports:
According to the findings of the table 2, Pearson correlation coefficient (0.117),
significant quantities table (0.152) was not at 5% level significant (0.152 <0.05) and
therefore, there is no correlation between these two variables in the subjects of this
group. In other words, the null hypothesis of no correlation between these two
variables or (R = 0) in this group will not be rejected at the significant level 0.05.
Coefficient of determination (0.136) in the table is very small and is almost close to zero,
indicating no relationship between these two variables in this group.
Comparing the academic performance of team sports, individual and nonathletes:
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Table 3: Descriptive statistics related to the variable of academic performance based on sample
groups of subjects
Kind of
Number
Average
sport
Standard
Standard
Confidence level 95% of
deviation
error
the average
Upper limit
Group
Lower limit
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
.
sport
Single
sport
Nonathlete
Total
Table 4: ANOVA to compare the academic performance of the students in the sample group
Sum of
Degrees of
Mean
Statistics about
A significant
squares
freedom
Square
Fisher F
amount
Intergroup
.
Intergroup
.
.
.
.
.
.
Total
According to the table 4, as you can see value ratio statistics Fisher (F=7.58) and a
significant amount equal to (0.001), which is statistically significant at the 5% level
(0.001<0.05) and thus it can be concluded that physical activity affect academic
performance of subjects. In other words, assuming that the academic performance of
students in three different groups (group athletes - individual athletes and non-athletes)
at significance level of 5% is strongly rejected. LSD post hoc test to identify differences
in the (Post hoc) used SPSS software, which the following have been dealt with.
Table 5: Task-state tuition mean difference post hoc test subjects sampled on LSD
Kind of sport (I) Kind of sport(J)
Amount of (I-J)
Standard error
Significance
Mean differences
Average
level
Group sport
0.4217*
0.16796
0.012
Single sport
1.4521*
0.16796
0.001
Group sport
-0.4217*
0.16796
0.012
Single sport
1.0304*
0.16796
0.001
Group sport
-1.4521*
0.16796
0.000
Single sport
-1.304*
0.16796
0.001
Non-athlete
Non-athlete
Non-athlete
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According to Table 5, the second column mean mass values are two-by-two. Items that
are marked with an asterisk indicate a significant difference between the two groups is
average academic performance. Based on the significant amount obtained from the last
column, academic performance between students who have done physical activity for
group exercise at the 5% significance level with the other two groups, respectively
(0.012 and 0.001) are significant difference. (0.012 <0.05) and 0.001 <0.05) academic
performance among students as well as individual athletes with non-athletes with a
value of 0.000 is significant at the 5% level. In other words, according to the mean
difference (+ 0.4217 + 1.45 and +1.03), it can be concluded that the academic
performance of students who do physical activity for team sport compared with
students who are doing individual sports and non-athletic students at a higher level
and this difference is statistically significant. Students work individually and compared
with non-athletes also seen significant and individual athletes have better academic
performance compared to non-athletes.
Review of specific objective (8) (check the effect of exercise on depression in
students)
Comparing rates of depression among a group of athletes, individual and non-athletes
Table 6: Descriptive statistics related to variable rates of depression in a sample of subjects
Kind of
Number
Average
sport
Group
Standard
Standard
Confidence level 95% of
deviation
error
the average
Upper limit
Lower limit
6.7067
4.81545
0.39318
7.4836
5.9297
8.4133
6.75872
0.55185
9.5038
7.3229
9.6333
7.70463
0.62908
10.8764
8.3903
8.2511
6.63302
0.31268
8.8656
7.6366
sport
Single
sport
Nonathlete
Total
Table 7: One-way analysis of variance for comparing the average rate of depression in the test
sample groups
Sum of
Degrees of
Mean
Statistics about
A significant
squares
freedom
Square
Fisher F
amount
Intergroup
648.324
2
324.162
Intergroup
1916.300
447
42.743
19754.624
449
Total
7.584
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Hasan Shahbazi, Tahereh Ghasemi EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON DEPRESSION AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF MALE
STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
According to the table 7, as you can see value ratio statistics Fisher (F=7.58) and a
significant amount equivalent to (0.001), which is statistically significant at the 5% level
(0.05 <0.001). Thus, it can be concluded that physical activity can affect the amount of
depression or in other words, assuming that the rate of depression in three different
groups of students (athletes - individual athletes and non-athletes group) there are
significant at the level of 5% strongly rejected. LSD post hoc test to identify differences
in the (Post hoc) SPSS software we use that has dealt with.
Result of depression post hoc test for multiple comparisons among sample
groups of subjects:
Table 8: Results of post hoc test for multiple comparisons rates of depression among the
subjects of the sample
Kind of sport (I) Kind of sport(J)
Amount of (I-J)
Standard error
Mean differences
Average
Significance level
Group sport
-1.7067*
0.75493
0.024
Single sport
-2.9267*
0.75493
0.001
Group sport
1.7067*
0.75493
0.024
Single sport
-1.2200
0.75493
0.107
Group sport
2.9267*
0.75493
0.001
Single sport
1.2200
0.75493
0.107
Non-athlete
Non-athlete
Non-athlete
According to Table 8, in the second column mean values of the groups listed items are
marked with an asterisk indicate a significant difference between the two groups is
average depression based on the significant amount obtained from the last column. The
rate of depression among subjects who have done a team sport and physical activity for
the 5% level with the other two groups, respectively (0.024 and 0.001) differed.
(0.024>0.05) and (0.001 <0.05). In other words, according to the mean difference (1.7067
and -2.92) we can conclude that depression in students who are doing physical activity
for team sport compared with students who are doing individual sports and nonathlete students is at a lower level. This difference is statistically significant and perhaps
dynamism resulting from participation in team sports was the cause of it. Students
work individually compared with non-athletes are not significant, given the significant
amount (0.107>0.05) difference in the rate of depression is not significant at 5% level.
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Hasan Shahbazi, Tahereh Ghasemi EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON DEPRESSION AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF MALE
STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
Discussion and Conclusion
Given the importance of physical activity in improving depression and academic
performance, here, results and important data from this study and similar studies will
be examined. As a result of data describing the research shows that the average variable
rate of depression among students who are doing the exercise group compared to
students who are doing individual sports and non-athletes is at a lower level that could
result from the impact of physical activity on a significant reduction of depression.
Result of special purpose (1)
Students who do individual and group physical activity for better academic
performance compared to non-athletes is due to the impact of physical activity. The
result is consistent with the result of research Ahmed Farokhi in (1998) Najarian (2006)
Aydzemoor (1964), Ascorbic (1956) and Bidaloof (1954) and is inconsistent with the
result of research Hassan Khalaji (1998) and Klioo Johnson (1967).
Result of special purpose (2)
The correlation between depression and academic performance in subjects absence of
team sports, individual and non-athletes. The correlation between depression and
academic performance in the subjects of the lack of team sports, individual and nonathletes are not significant at the alpha level of 5%. The absence of depression and
academic performance in the subjects of team sports, individual and non-athletes, there
is no correlation, which show that the relationship between these two variables in the
three groups of subjects. The result is consistent with the result of research Susan Rafee
(2007) Vazligman (1979) the result is inconsistent with the result of research Hadi
Soltani (1994) William Nelson (1980).
Result of special purpose (3)
The correlation between depression and academic performance in the subjects of border
team sports, individual and non-athletes. The calculation of cross-border solidarity
between depression and academic performance in the subjects of team sports,
individual and non-athletes show the alpha level of 5 percent was not significant,
correlation between these two variables there in three subjects. Border, indicating no
relationship between depression and academic performance in the subjects of team
sports, individual and non-athletes. The result is consistent with the result of research
Rahimian (1996) and the result is inconsistent with the result of research of the
investigation Ramirez (1987).
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STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
Result of special purpose (4)
Calculation between mild depression and academic performance in the subjects of team
sports, individual and non-athletes. In the calculation of mild depression and academic
performance in the subjects of team sports, individual and non-athletic, but in nonathletes between mild depression and academic performance is not significant at the
alpha level of 5 per cent and there is no correlation between the two variables,
indicating no relationship between mild depression and academic performance in nonathletes. The result is consistent with the result of research Mehdi Mohammad Nejad
(1993) Taban Alian (2006) Daniel Tar Mast (2007) and Slimagan (2000) and the result is
inconsistent with the result of research Strand and Knife (1955) and Farvardin
Ramazani (1997).
Result of special purpose (5)
The correlation between moderate depression and academic performance in the
subjects of team sports, individual and non-athletes. The correlation between moderate
depression and academic performance in the subjects of team sports, individual and
non-athletic, the two variables in team sports is not a lack of measurable frequency.
Non-athletes in calculating the average between depression and academic performance
is not significant at the alpha level of 5% and there is no correlation between the two
variables in this group, which represents the average relationship between depression
and academic performance in non-athletes. The result is consistent with the result of
research Saeed Pahlevanzadeh and Mahmood Nassiri (2006) and McCann (1984) the
result is inconsistent with the result of research Behnam Qasemi (2000).
Result of special purpose (6)
The correlation between depression and academic performance in the subjects of team
sports, individual and non-athletes. By calculating the correlation between depression
and academic performance in the subjects of team sports, individual and non-athletes
show that team sports inverse relationship between depression and poor academic
performance. This means that to some extent we can say that students who are doing
group activities. But the correlation between depression and academic performance
testing of individual sports and athletes are not significant at the 5% level between
depression and academic performance in individual subjects and non-athlete there is no
correlation, which represents the relationship between depression and academic
performance in individual subjects and non-athletes. The result is consistent with the
result of research Morteza Naghibi (2006), Soleimoni (1994), Biti - Yi - Yi (1995) the
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Hasan Shahbazi, Tahereh Ghasemi EFFECTS OF PHYSICAL ACTIVITY ON DEPRESSION AND ACADEMIC PERFORMANCE OF MALE
STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
result is inconsistent with the result of research Aslan Zadeh (1996), Hoshang Mehryar
(1994), Roach Vebrown (1970), Duane E. Ji (1978).
Result of special purpose (7)
Comparison between the academic performances of team sports, individual nonathletes is one of the main objectives of the study. By comparing the academic
performance of athletes in a group, individual non-athletes show that in terms of
academic performance between students that physical activity as a group have done at
the level of alpha 5% to group individual physical activity are the non-athlete group
there is a significant difference and is located at a higher level of academic performance.
The result is consistent with the result of research Ahmad Farokhi, Nasser Soleimani,
Gholam Reza Seraj Zadeh, Esmail Nasiri, Mohammad Shabani, and Beckett Boro
associate professor at the University Ou Yu (2005) on teenagers in high school in AIDS
Moore (1951) Veltsoon (1964), Bidaloof, Ascorbic, Milroodizni (1963), Bengestoon
(1966), Arendt (1968), Kajrz (1970), Cair Kendall (1968) and Chang and Chang (1967).
The result is inconsistent with the result of research Esmail Nasiri, Shafi Nia (1987),
Keillor and Johnson (1967), Davis and Berger (1973), Sloosh (1964).
Result of special purpose (8)
Compare rates of depression among athletes of group, individual and non-athletes is
one of the main objectives of the study. By comparing rates of depression among a
group of athletes, non-athletes solo show that the depression of physical activity as a
group have done and the alpha level of 5% of those who have done physical activity
and non-athletes, there is a significant difference due to the dynamism arising out of
participation in physical activity group.
Suggestions
1.
Due to a decrease in average non-athlete students, recommended parents and
coaches have paid more attention in this field and the possibility of their
participation in sporting activities provide.
2.
Due to the influence of physical activity on reducing depression; authorities need
to review hours of physical education and leisure students seem necessary.
3.
It is recommended to coaches and sports teachers with lesson plans suitable
physical activity in physical education classes in schools to implement on a
regular basis.
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STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
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STUDENTS OF SECONDARY SCHOOLS IN KERMANSHAH PROVINCE
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