European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.56373
Volume 2│Issue 1│2016
PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF
ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
Mostafa Setamdideh1*, Aidin Memarbashi2, Loghman Ghaderi3
Young Researchers and Elite Club, Sardasht (Mahabad) branch,
1,3
Islamic Azad University, Sardasht (Mahabad), Iran
Department of Physical Education and Sports Science, Malekan Branch,
2
Islamic Azad University, Malekan, Iran
Abstract:
Purpose and Background: The purpose of the present study is to examine the influence
of prevention methods on the incidence of different types of academic misconduct.
Plagiarism is a pervasive occurrence and educational systems have had to deal with it
and paid a lot because of it for a long time.
Methodology: The method of this study is descriptive, in terms of implementation, it is
a survey, and in terms of purpose, it is practical. Data for this study were collected
using a researcher-constructed questionnaire. Its validity was confirmed by a number of
sports management faculty and its reliability calculated 87/0 with Cronbach's alpha. The
questionnaire was designed with a Likert scale of 5 values. The participants of the study
include physical education students all over the country. Based on geographic regions
of the country, five universities selected from the North, South, East, West and center of
the country all of which were graduate students of physical education. The statistical
sample of the study included graduate students of Physical Education in Tehran,
Shiraz, Kurdistan, Mazandaran and Mashhad Universities. The selection of sample was
available by stratified-Stochastic sampling method. Sample size in five colleges
determined, based on the number of graduate students of this five faculty and using
Morgan table.
Results: The findings show the importance of prevention methods, especially the
knowledgeable observers and judges at various stages of research in occurring
academic misconduct.
Conclusion: In order to deal with all kinds of academic misconduct, the directors of the
affair must give special attention to the prevention methods, especially the
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
20
Mostafa Setamdideh, Aidin Memarbashi, Loghman Ghaderi PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
knowledgeable observers and judges as an affecting factor in the incidence of academic
misconducts.
Keywords: academic misconduct, plagiarism, prevention methods
Introduction
When a human faces with an unknown phenomenon will be a researcher and if he or
she achieves a result, in fact, has produced a science. Science is a means of identifying
and achieving the findings of the new world and promoting the human life. In the
societies where the learning of science does not become a culture, there will be
ignorance. Ignorance brings poverty and various social ills. There is a need to learn
science in order to eliminate the adverse consequences of this matter (1). A part of
university's mission is to produce and promote science with respect to the professional
ethics and education of the committed humans at national and international level in
order to meet the needs of society and strengthen cooperation with scientific centers.
However, in some cases, the objectives of scientific organizations such as
universities according to various reasons cannot be properly achieved. Goals such as
fostering the formidable scholars or the right performance of some scientific works and
so on that the results of organizations' investment will be lost and have many negative
effects by the graduating few inappropriate scholars or providing some lees valuable
and repetitive works (2). One of the negative and important consequences of the
scientific communities' failure to achieve the right goals is the prevalence of
misconducts in researches (3).
Counterfeit papers, collusion in scientific judgments about papers, making copy
of abroad scientific productions etc. are the clear examples of these misconducts. Today
with the development of new forms of misconduct through the expansion of
informative technologies in educational systems of the world and its prevalence in the
same environments of Iran, right now researchers and leaders of the worlds' countries
like Iran should pay attention to the conduct of serious and extensive researches (4).
Scientific misconduct is a widespread phenomenon that the educational systems
have faced with it years ago and had many problems and losses (5) although the
incidence of misconducts cannot be confirmed by a certain percentage (6). Multiple
studies in different countries have shown that misconduct has not just occurred in a
discipline, university or a country but has been in all over the world and is increasing.
With the advancement of new technologies, it has been common to the extent that can
be studied as an important problem (7).
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 1 │ 2016
21
Mostafa Setamdideh, Aidin Memarbashi, Loghman Ghaderi PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
Misconduct can be divided into intentional and unintentional one. Intentional
misconduct is divided into three types: scientific forgery, falsification and plagiarism.
Unintentional slips also are the ones that because of the non-awareness of misconducts'
types or fractional of the data Pig and Blandest call it milking data arise (8). Raises
know the falsification of research as a purposeful falsification or intentional
manipulation. In general, the basic distinction between misconduct and fraud in
researches from the types of unintentional slips is to deceive (8).
Morally, although the scientific misconducts are immoral in most cultures and
scientific environments, there are examples of it more or less in all parts of the world.
One of the most important consequences of this misconducts' incidence is the lack of
confidence in findings of the scientific environments (9). Although non violation not
only related to sports science research, but also those responsible to teach the
researchers by their performance, not to violate in all facets of their work especially in
the field of sports science.
Physical preparation of individuals from the begging of work- prevention better
than cure- seem to be more logical and the family, friends and society in different
proportions are responsible for this important task. We can prepare a group and
subsequently prepare the research community using the system of preparing
individuals. Although these are three distinct levels, are not separated and affect each
other and being affected (10).
Many factors such as presence of observers can be useful for the prevention of
the research misconduct's incidence. However, the weakness of judges itself can be one
of the reasons of misconduct's incidence, which needs discussion. But penalties such as
exclusion and hatred, hatred of scientists, excluding the work and revocation of license
and disclaimer of the research degrees can be the least practices for compensation of
misconducts (11).
The results of researches show that the students, who are in lazy in their studies
or cannot study well, are more influenced by advertising. Since the percentage of
students using internet services is increasing in most countries like Iran, these
researches increase the responsibility of managers about the students' education, after
the proper training of culture regard to using the up to date facilities and informing
about the internet misconducts (12).
Paying attention and honoring the goals of scientific centers like university,
making more people familiar with the types of scientific misconducts and the
promotion possibility of scientific misconducts in the world, provide a special place for
this research. Physical education because of connection with different disciplines and its
role in relation to the physical and psychological effects, as well as for its increasing and
such other reasons is an important issue and any valuable thing especially the aspects of
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 1 │ 2016
22
Mostafa Setamdideh, Aidin Memarbashi, Loghman Ghaderi PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
possible abuses require a special attention. So paying attention to the aspects of
scientific misconducts especially in the physical education discipline, seem to be
important and this importance increases the motivation of doing this study.
According to the above objectives, this study aims to answer this question that
what is the idea of graduated students in the physical education discipline from the
national university being considered in this study, about the prevention ways of
misconducts' occurrence.
Methodology
The research method and the way of its implementation and purpose respectively were
descriptive, survey and applied. The data was collected through asking people and an
artificial researcher's questionnaire that the validity of it had been proven by the famous
teachers of country's sports administration and the reliability of it had been estimated
0.87 by Cronbach's alpha. The questionnaire consisted of 42 questions in 5 parts that
had been designed by Likert gamut on 5 valuable measures. The statistical community
included the physical education students from all over the country. Based on the
geographical parts of the country, five universities were selected from the north, south,
east, west and center of the country that had graduated students from the physical
education discipline. The statistical sample of this study consisted of the physical
education students that had graduated from the universities of Tehran, Shiraz,
Kurdistan, Mazandaran and Mashhad. The samples were selected through the
sampling method of random classification. The mass of statistical sample in 5 faculty
was determined by the number of graduated students from these faculties and using
Morgan table.
236 questionnaires of statistical sample were obtained. The data was analyzed by
the SPSS application of version 20. The table of abundance and average distribution was
used for describing the subjects. The examinations of Kolmogorov Smirnov and
Friedman and t tests were used for inferring the variables of this study.
Data analysis
Some features of the answerers can be seen in the description part of the Table 1. The
minimum age of male commentators was 22 and the maximum age of female ones was
28. The amount of dormitory people and daily courses were 74 percent more than none
dormitory ones and overnight courses.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 1 │ 2016
23
Mostafa Setamdideh, Aidin Memarbashi, Loghman Ghaderi PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
26
38.6%
Commentators
61.4%
Students
26
percent)
90%
Amount (in
10%
of age
22%
The average
78%
Amount (in
87%
of age
13%
native
86%
Female
percent)
14%
Male
The average
status
Single
nationality
Married
course
Native
residence
Non
Marital
Daily
Type of
Overnight
Type of
Dormitory
Type of
dormitory
None
Table 1: Some features of answerers
According to the table (2), the findings showed that the study of scientific misconducts
has been very important from the students' point of view. The study of obtained results
indicated that because of the high amount of significance (than level of significance),
there has not been any significant difference between the comment of students about
the types of scientific misconducts. In other words from their point of view, the
possibility of scientific misconducts' occurrence among the researchers, which has cited
in this study, has been more than 50 percent.
Table 2: Statistics of answerers' comments on the scientific misconducts in this study
Scientific misconducts
students
ř/řŖ Average
Ŗ/ŝŘ Standard deviation
ŘřŚ Degrees of freedom
Ŗ/ŚŜ T amount
Total results
Ŗ/ŜŚ Significance
According to the Table 3, most of the types of scientific misconducts based on the
comparison of Likert (somewhat) have an average more than 3 in the questionnaire.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 1 │ 2016
24
Mostafa Setamdideh, Aidin Memarbashi, Loghman Ghaderi PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
ř/Řś
ř/ŗŗ
ř/Řŗ
ř/Ŝś Average
ŗ/ŖŜ
ŗ/ŗŖ
ŗ/ŖŘ
ŗ/Ŗŗ
Ŗ/şŖ
Ŗ/şŖ
Ŗ/Şś
Ś/ŖŖ Standard deviation
ŘřŚ
ŘřŚ
ŘřŚ
ŘřŚ
ŘřŚ
ŘřŚ
ŘřŚ
ŘřŚ Degrees of freedom
ŗ/řş
ŗ/ŗŚ
ŗ/ŖŞ
ŗ/Ş
Ŗ/ŘŖ
Ŗ/ŚŖ
Ř/ŗ
Ŗ/ŜŜ Amount of t
Ŗ/ŗŜ
Ŗ/Řś
Ŗ/ŘŞ
Ŗ/ŖŜ
Ŗ/Şř
Ŗ/ŜŞ
Ŗ/Ŗř
Ŗ/śŖ Significance
Types of misconducts
Misinterpretation
False modification
ř/řś
documents
Secondary sources
ř/řŘ
Falsifying the
Forging
ř/řŚ
references
Republication
ř/řŗ
Forgetting the
Unconsciously
Table 3: Types of scientific misconducts that were estimated in the questionnaire of this study
As can be seen in the Table 4, results of the t test showed that there is not any difference
between the commentators of physical education students about the prevention ways of
scientific misconducts' incidence in theses, which shows the importance of all
prevention ways of the misconducts in this study.
Table 4: The statistics of t results about the prevention ways
Sig
Z
Ŗ/Ş
U
-Ŗ/Ř
Variable
ŘŘŝś
Method of prevention
Ranking
In order to the easier separation of questions, the ranks of first to third in each part,
which have been ranked by the examinations of Friedman, have been considered in the
tables of 5 and 6. The eye-catching result is that the unconscious slips are in the first
ranks of the classification. This result shows that in a special way, that the responsible
persons should pay attention to the informing more than past.
According to the results of prevention ways, the presence of capable observers
and judges in various process of study was in top ranks, which shows the importance of
observers' presence.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 1 │ 2016
25
Mostafa Setamdideh, Aidin Memarbashi, Loghman Ghaderi PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
Table 5: The first to third ranks of the students' comments about the types of scientific
misconducts
Ranking the comments (respectively the ranks of first to third)
Rank
Secondary sources
first
Republication
second
Unconscious slips
third
Table 6: The ranks of first to third from the students' comments about the ways of prevention
The first three ranks and the average of students point of view
Average
Part of the prevention method
Ś/ŗ Presence of the capable observers and judges in various process of the study
Ś Empowering the studious, technological, lawful of students
ř/ş Determination of the method, instrument or sources by supervisors
Discussion and conclusion
Scientific misconduct is a widespread and common concept so that the abrasion effects
of it are very considerable. The scientific centers and famous and educated people were
named the source group and they themselves are the symbol of morality and the
center of normalization. Scientific misconduct extracts the process of scientific
developments from its right circuit and causes that the process of science production to
be changed to a degree-making factory. Because of that, when a scientific misconduct
was assigned to the educated people then, it would be the factor of the societies
morality bases in wider ranges (11).
The results of this research show that in the part of types of scientific
misconducts and the prevention way of it have been in consistence or none consistence
with some of the inside and outside researches, that this matter can be due of the
difference in methods of education, facilities, religions and family environment.
According to the research (13), lack of awareness from the types of misconducts
and not being a comprehensive definition from the plagiarism can be very efficient on
the incidence of types of scientific misconducts. The research (14) has been said that the
lack of accurate education about using the scientific facilities and information of others
on the incidence of scientific misconducts was very effective. In the other research (15)
using, the methods of internet and application of misconducts in scientific
environments and consequently using the deceptive applications in these environments
are increasing. According to the research (16) using the services of application against
the misconduct is increasing in the recent years. In contrast to the above researches, the
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 1 │ 2016
26
Mostafa Setamdideh, Aidin Memarbashi, Loghman Ghaderi PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
falsification of documents and secondary sources were placed in the first ranks of
scientific misconducts' types. Although these differences can be different with this
research because of the difference in the classification of misconducts' types in these
researches, the result of all researches shows that there are scientific misconducts in the
scientific and studious centers.
This matter is as an important warning to all the people of society in order to be
more serious in the study of types and prevention ways of the scientific misconducts,
for receiving the least harms and losses.
Finally, according to the result of this study in order to disagree with the
scientific misconducts, the prevention ways of its incidence should be found and the
new methods are adopted for resolving its reasons.
Suggestions
In order to the fundamental disagreement with the problems of scientific misconducts
disagreement should be taken place with the reasons of it. Having suggests for
empowering the ways of prevention seems to be more logical and economical, such as
the following suggests:
■
It is suggested that for disagreement with republication of the information,
farther than empowering the current rules of prevention, the other new rules are
adopted and implemented in order to fundamental disagreement.
■
It is suggested that in order to more acquaintance of graduated students with the
types of scientific misconducts, those responsible persons attend more
educational courses, conferences and seminars in relation to this matter.
■
It is suggested that the observers and judges have an exact control on the process
of implantation and performance of the studious works from the first process of
it.
■
It is suggested that the various educational courses such as conferences and
seminars are held in order to empowering the studious and technological aspects
of the observers and students for prevention of studious misconducts.
■
It is suggested that the culture of using internet and cyber facilities is created
through various methods.
■
It is suggested that the special workshops are held for managing the time and
systems of more planning especially in the basic processes of students' education.
■
It is suggested that the teachers and judges exactly follow the reasons of text
inconsistency with the result of performed research because of its importance.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 1 │ 2016
27
Mostafa Setamdideh, Aidin Memarbashi, Loghman Ghaderi PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
References
1.
Kaboudin, B, Zolfi gol, M, Haji Azizy, B.(2009), Code of Ethics, writer, magazine
approach, No. 45, pp. 11- 16,(Persian)
2.
Akbari, P, AbdollahiFarr, M. (2013), plagiarism, Plagiarism, causes and
dimensions, Iranian Journal, No. 33, pp. 39-47,(Persian)
3.
Ojaghy, R., Keyvanara, M, Cheshme Sohrabi, M., Papi, A. (2011) Pathology of
fraud and plagiarism, Journal of Medical Education, Volume XI, No. IX, pp. 1063
- 1073,(Persian)
4.
Movahhed, M, Abbasi Shavazi, M, Marhamaty, N. (1389), media, sex and
consumerism, Social and Cultural Council of Women Quarterly, Vol. XII, No. 47,
pp. 23-47,(Persian)
5.
Gaeini, A, Saki, B., Ramazany, A. (2011), structure, context, content, and style of
writing articles for scientific journals, Olympic Quarterly, No. 56, p. 7-9,(Persian)
6.
Moghtadery, A, Dhmardeh, M. (2012), fraud and misconduct in medical
research, Journal of Information Sciences, Vol. XIV, No. 1, pp. 1-7,(Persian)
7.
Khamesan, A, Amiry, M. (2011), Evaluation of academic fraud among male and
female students, Journal of Ethics in Science and Technology, Vol. VI, No. 1, pp.
45- 49,(Persian)
8.
Tavakkol, M., Naseri Rudd, M. (2009) robbed a scientific explanation of the
sociology of science, ethics in science and technology in the fourth quarter a
number. Pp. 3-1,(Persian)
9.
Moharramzadeh, M. Amery, H. Asadi, F. (2009) investigate the relationship
between organizational culture and knowledge management in departments of
physical education in West Azarbaijan Province, Olympic Quarterly, No. 48, pp.
19-27,(Persian)
10.
Banimahd, B. Pashmitabar, N. (2014), the relationship of academic fraud and
opportunism among students, Journal of Ethics in Science and Technology, No.
28, Summer, p. 5-8,(Persian)
11.
Zakersalehi, G. (2010), The production and dissemination of social science books
based on scientometric models, Journal of Sociology, No. 31, pp. 56-77,(Persian)
12.
Mir Yazdi, M. (2014), life cycle management, fraud, accountant magazine, No.
265, April 1393, p 45-49,(Persian)
13.
Liana Sarlauskiene, Linus Stabbings. (2014). Understanding of Plagiarism by the
Students in HEIs of Lithuania. Proceeded - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 2014 ,
Pages 638-646
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 1 │ 2016
28
Mostafa Setamdideh, Aidin Memarbashi, Loghman Ghaderi PREVENTION METHODS AND TYPES OF ACADEMIC MISCONDUCT
14.
Jenny Gunnar son, Wooed J. Kleczka, Annette Paterson. (2014). Teaching
International Students How to Avoid Plagiarism: Librarians and Faculty in
Collaboration. The Journal of Academic Librarianship, 2014 , Pages 413-417
15.
Lee, Y. (2011). Understanding anti-plagiarism software adoption: An extended
protection motivation theory perspective. Decision Support Systems, 50(2), 361369 .
16.
Stapleton, P. (2012). Gauging the effectiveness of anti-plagiarism software: An
empirical study of second language graduate writers. Journal of English for
Academic Purposes 11 (2012) 125–133
Creative Commons licensing terms
Authors will retain the copyright of their published articles agreeing that a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0) terms
will be applied to their work. Under the terms of this license, no permission is required from the author(s) or publisher for members of the community
to copy, distribute, transmit or adapt the article content, providing a proper, prominent and unambiguous attribution to the authors in a manner that
makes clear that the materials are being reused under permission of a Creative Commons License. Views, opinions and conclusions expressed in this
research article are views, opinions and conclusions of the author(s). Open Access Publishing Group and European Journal of Physical Education and
Sport Science shall not be responsible or answerable for any loss, damage or liability caused in relation to/arising out of conflict of interests, copyright
violations and inappropriate or inaccurate use of any kind content related or integrated on the research work. All the published works are meeting the
Open Access Publishing requirements and can be freely accessed, shared, modified, distributed and used in educational, commercial and noncommercial purposes under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (CC BY 4.0).
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 2 │ Issue 1 │ 2016
29