European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science
ISSN: 2501 - 1235
ISSN-L: 2501 - 1235
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.55356
Volume 1│Issue 4│2016
THE SURVEY OF MOOD STATES IN MALE AND FEMALE
HIGH SCHOOL CHESS PLAYERS OF LORESTAN PROVINCE
Roghayeh Keramati Moghadam1, Nasrin Touba2,
Majid Ketamati Moghadam3i, Vahid BakhshaliPour4
M.Sc in Educational Administration,
1
Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch, Iran
M.Sc in Physical Education and Sport Sciences,
2
Payam Noor University, Center of Tehran, Iran
M.Sc in Sport Psychology, Islamic Azad University Karaj Branch, Iran
3
Department of Physical Education and Sport Science, Islamic Azad University,
4
Langarud Branch, Guilan, Langarud, Iran
Abstract:
The purpose of this study was to survey mood states in male and female high school
chess players of Lorestan Province. The method of study was causal - comparative. The
statistical population of this study was all selected high school chess players (the first
and second year of high school) of Lorestan Province. The instrument for collecting of
data is included the Brunel Mood State Inventory (BRUMS). The collected data were
analyzed by independent t-test α .
. The results of this study showed that there was
a significant difference between male and female high school chess players in tension,
depression, anger, confusion, and fatigue subscales. The results of this study showed
that there was no significant difference between male and female high school chess
players in relaxation, vigor, and happiness subscales.
Keywords: mood states, chess players, Lorestan Province
Introduction
Mood is a variable and unstable emotional state and arousal. The pride and happiness
sense does not last over several hours or several days while self-confidence or selfesteem that is a sign of person’s personality status is stable. Mood refers those
i
Corresponding author: majid.keramatimoghadam@gmail.com
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
36
Roghayeh Keramati Moghadam, Nasrin Touba, Majid Ketamati Moghadam, Vahid BakhshaliPour THE SURVEY OF MOOD STATES IN MALE AND FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL CHESS PLAYERS
OF LORESTAN PROVINCE
psychological characteristics that originate from physiological processes. On the other
hand, some authors believe that mood is the result of emotional reactions at a given
time. In other words, mood is an underlying emotional talent that is full of emotional
and instinctive tendencies and offers pleasant and unpleasant aspects to mental states.
Therefore, mood is related to the brain excitability, autonomic nervous system,
and endocrine system in person. Mood characteristics include feelings such as anxiety,
depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion. Since the mood is not static phenomenon, it
seems logical that the method and pattern of life influence on mood. The person’s
mental health will enhance if negative mood factors decrease. It is well known that
physical activities are one of the effective factors on the physical and mental health. But
the effect of physical activities had been twofold on the mental and physical health and
other factors such as demographic characteristics, lifestyle, and activity affect on mental
and physical health. Therefore, the relationship between physical activities and mood
are not well defined that the inconsistent results in studies of this field are the reason of
this claim (Azerbaijani, et al., 2012). Morgan (1988) stated that the increasing of training
intensity can increase total mood disorders. The reason of its decreasing can be related
to subjects’ adaptation with training intensity in this study Morgan,
. Berlin, et al.,
(2006) showed that competition stress is one of effective factors on mood. If the presence
of individuals is not selective for the participation in sports activities, they will not
compete with each other and there will not competitive tension during exercise. So this
can lead to the decreasing of negative characteristics in mood (Berlin, et al., 2006).
As physical characteristics are affected by the training intensity and duration,
behavioral and psychological characteristics are also affected by these changes. If the
regularly person does physical trainings and with moderate-intensity, he/she will
experience the reduction of anxiety and depression and the increasing of self-confidence
(Bartholomew, et al., 2005; Berlin, et al., 2006). Mood is another sensitive psychological
parameter to the changes in training intensity and volume (Morgan, 1987). It seems that
mental game plays an important role in chess. It can even be said that psychological
factor is important as players’ technical skills at World Championships. These
psychological were considered tricks in the past, but now they are essential for elite
chess players (Euwe, 1997). However, there is the widespread consensus about the
necessity of special knowledge for professional performance in chess, but there is
disagreements about the importance of individual’s general characteristics in the
adjusting of achieved performance level and the process of skill acquisition (Roland, et
al., 2006). The Profile of Mood States Inventory (POMS) was frequently used to assess
mood changes in sports. The Profile of Mood States is one of the first psychological
instruments to display training pressure. Morgan, et al.,
reported that athletes’
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016
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Roghayeh Keramati Moghadam, Nasrin Touba, Majid Ketamati Moghadam, Vahid BakhshaliPour THE SURVEY OF MOOD STATES IN MALE AND FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL CHESS PLAYERS
OF LORESTAN PROVINCE
assessment on the basis of mood profile scores was potential method to prevent mood
disorders. The preliminary studies shows that mood disorders total increase alongside
negative mood components after weeks of intense training in swimmers, but a mood
powerful factor that is considered as a positive mood factor decreases. This means that
negative components of mood including tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and
confusion increase and vigor component decreases. Morgan, et al., (1987) after the 10year study about mood found that mood disorders total increased significantly as the
increasing of training load and if training load reduced, it would return to the initial
values (Morgan et al., 1987).
Some psychological tests such as the profile of mood states is used in sport in
recent years. These tests measure a person’s mental condition and it is used to show
what is called overtraining. It is believed that positive thinking, high concentration on
task, enough self-confidence, high motivation, and the ability to cope with stress is
effective in the reduction of injuries. Also, psychological factors such as poor
concentration, low motivation, negative thinking, lack of self-confidence, and low
ability to deal with stress can lead to the increasing of injuries (Shafi Zadeh and Zahedi,
. Researchers use the interactive model on the basis of athlete’s personality
characteristics and position for the better and more accurate prediction of athlete’s
performance because athlete’s mood is the resultant of his/her character and situation at
any time. So, the measurement of athletes’ mood will be valid method in performance
time (Bergen and Motel, 2000). Some researchers believe that the use of this test to
measure athletes’ psychological characteristics is an appropriate method to prevent the
extreme fatigue. The preliminary studies shows that scores total of mood disorders
increases after periods of heavy training in swimmers, but a mood powerful factor that
is considered as a positive mood
factor decreases and athletes’ profile iceberg is
reversed (O'connor, et al., 1991; Raglin,1993). Herbert and Potgieter (2005) examined
mood states during a successful world record underwater diving attempt.
The mood states of a diver were recorded over a period of almost 10 days of
submersion. Scores on the Profile of Mood States obtained on the components of
depression, anger, and confusion suggested that there were no signs of psychological
disintegration over this period. As expected, scores on Fatigue increased whereas
perceived vigor diminished over time (Herbert and Potgieter, 2005). Covassin and Pero
(2004) studied the Relationship Between self-confidence, mood state, and anxiety
among collegiate tennis players. Twenty-four collegiate tennis players completed the
POMS and CSAI-2 30 minutes prior to their tennis match during their participation in
the NCAA Regional (VII) Team Tennis Tournament. Results revealed winning tennis
players displayed significantly higher self-confidence, lower cognitive and somatic
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016
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Roghayeh Keramati Moghadam, Nasrin Touba, Majid Ketamati Moghadam, Vahid BakhshaliPour THE SURVEY OF MOOD STATES IN MALE AND FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL CHESS PLAYERS
OF LORESTAN PROVINCE
anxiety levels, and lower total mood disturbance scores than losing players. In addition,
winning tennis players exhibited the iceberg profile on the POMS (Covassin and Pero,
2004). Few studies have been done about the comparison of mood states in both gender
and in sport environments that the results of these studies have showed little difference
between men and women in scores of emotional states (Fuchs & Zaichkowsky, 1983;
Terry & Lane, 2000). Terry and Lane (2000) examined normative values for the profile of
mood states for use with athletic samples. They reported no significant difference
between men and women in the comparison of mood scores (Terry & Lane, 2000).
Fuchs and Zaichkowsky (1983) compared psychological characteristics in male and
female body builders. They reported that personality and mood characteristics were
similar in male and female body builders (Fuchs & Zaichkowsky, 1983).
Several studies were conducted about the profile of mood states and its changes
as a result of sports activities and in athletes (Shafi Zadeh and Zahedi, 2007; Salehi,
2003; and Mirzaei, et al., 2006). Mirzaei, et al., (2006) compared profile of mood states in
wrestlers of the junior and senior national teams in freestyle and Greco Roman
wrestling. The results showed that there was no significant difference between groups
in anger, vigor, confusion, depression, and fatigue subscales. However, the profile of
mood states in the four groups consistent with Morgan’s pattern of the iceberg in elite
athletes (Mirzaei, et al., 2006). Therefore, the purpose of this study was to survey mood
states in male and female high school chess players of Lorestan Province.
Methodology
Method
This study was a causal - comparative research.
Participants
The statistical population of this study was all selected high school chess players (the
first and second year of high school) of Lorestan Province. 102 players were selected by
census sampling (N Female = 61, N Male= 41).
Instruments and Tasks
The instrument was the Brunel Mood State Inventory (BRUMS) including 32 questions.
The first part of his questionnaire was included the questions about players’ individual
characteristics on age, gender, sport history of s activities, level of skills – competitive
experience, and type of sport. The second part of the questionnaire was included the
questions about players’ mood states using the Brunel Mood State Inventory. Its
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016
39
Roghayeh Keramati Moghadam, Nasrin Touba, Majid Ketamati Moghadam, Vahid BakhshaliPour THE SURVEY OF MOOD STATES IN MALE AND FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL CHESS PLAYERS
OF LORESTAN PROVINCE
purpose was to determine the validity and reliability of the Persian version of Lane, et
al.,’s
BRUMS including
questions. So,
male and
female athletes
with different skill levels (beginner, non-elite, and elite) were randomly selected in 10
individual and team sports. They completed questionnaires.
At first, the face and content validity of the Persian version of questionnaire was
confirmed by three sport psychology experts and three English language training
expert. Then, confirmatory factor analysis based on structural equation modeling was
used to determine construct validity of the questionnaire.
Cronbach’s alpha coefficient was used to determine the internal consistency of
the questionnaire and intra-class correlation coefficient in test-retest method with 2week interval was used to determine the time-out questionnaire (the stability of
questions answers). The results of study showed that measurement model of 32
questions was acceptable in the propriety indicator (TLI=0.93, CFI=0.94, RMSEA=0.08),
the
internal
consistency
indicator
(confusion=0.72,
fatigue=0.76,
anger=0.72,
depression=0.70, happiness=0.77, relaxation=0.78, tension=0.74, vigor=0.80, and the
entire questionnaire=0.78), the time-out questionnaire indicator (confusion=0.84,
fatigue=0.86, anger=0.86, depression=0.88, happiness=0.87, relaxation=0.86, tension=0.90,
vigor=0.87, and the entire questionnaire=0.88). This shows the appropriate reliability
and validity of the Persian version of the Brunel Mood State Inventory (BRUMS)
including 32 questions.
Therefore, the Persian version of the Brunel Mood State Inventory (BRUMS)
including 32 questions can be used as an instrument to study and evaluate Iranian
athletes’ mood and emotional characteristics Farokhi, et al.,
. Answers was
expressed with a 5-point scale so that 0 = I do not feel that way, 1= I feel a little bit, 2= I
almost felt, =I’m feeling a lot, = I absolutely feel.
Procedure
The researcher distributed questionnaires among subjects. He explained the inventory
for the subjects before its completing. Each subject had 30 minutes to complete the
questionnaire. The subjects completed questionnaires without name due to the subjects’
security sense.
Data Analysis
The collected data were classified by descriptive statistical methods and were analyzed
by independent t-test. The SPSS software (version 19) was used for data analysis
α .
.
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016
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Roghayeh Keramati Moghadam, Nasrin Touba, Majid Ketamati Moghadam, Vahid BakhshaliPour THE SURVEY OF MOOD STATES IN MALE AND FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL CHESS PLAYERS
OF LORESTAN PROVINCE
Results
The results in table (1) show that the mean, standard deviation (SD), and standard error
of the mean (SEM) of mood states subscales in male and female high school chess
players of Lorestan Province. The results in table (2) showed that there was a significant
difference between male and female high school chess players in mood states subscales.
Table 1: The mean, standard deviation, and standard error of the mean of mood states subscales
male and female high school chess players
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Male
Female
Gender
Tension
Depression
Anger
Vigor
Fatigue
Confusion
Relaxation
Happiness
N
41
61
41
61
41
61
41
61
41
61
41
61
41
61
41
61
Mean
1.1280
0.6762
0.7622
0.2582
0.8476
0.3361
2.5305
2.5943
0.7012
0.4180
0.7927
0.5328
1.9695
2.1803
2.2622
2.4918
SD
0.97166
0.68821
0.87491
0.46986
0.73075
0.49557
0.88423
1.11539
0.85736
0.54337
0.79235
0.60977
0.83516
1.07929
0.83095
1.11052
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016
SEM
0.15175
0.08812
0.13664
0.06016
0.11412
0.06345
0.13809
0.14281
0.13390
0.06957
0.12374
0.07807
0.13043
0.13819
0.12977
0.14219
41
Roghayeh Keramati Moghadam, Nasrin Touba, Majid Ketamati Moghadam, Vahid BakhshaliPour THE SURVEY OF MOOD STATES IN MALE AND FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL CHESS PLAYERS
OF LORESTAN PROVINCE
Table 2: The results of independent t-test for the determination of difference between
male and female high school chess players in mood states subscales
Independent Samples Test
Levene's Test for
Equality of Variances
Tension
Depression
Anger
Vigor
Fatigue
Confusion
Relaxation
Happiness
F
Equal variances
assumed
7.316
Equal variances
not assumed
Equal variances
assumed
17.216
Equal variances
not assumed
Equal variances
assumed
10.275
Equal variances
not assumed
Equal variances
assumed
4.237
Equal variances
not assumed
Equal variances
assumed
5.192
Equal variances
not assumed
Equal variances
2.485
assumed
Equal variances
not assumed
Equal variances
assumed
4.636
Equal variances
not assumed
Equal variances
assumed
7.566
Equal variances
not assumed
Sig.
t-test for Equality of Means
t
df
Sig. (2tailed)
Mean
Difference
Std. Error
Difference
95% Confidence Interval
of the Difference
Lower
Upper
100
0.007
0.45182
0.16429
0.12587
0.77777
2.575 66.483
0.012
0.45182
0.17548
0.10152
0.80212
3.768
100
0.000
0.50400
0.13375
0.23864
0.76936
3.376 55.617
0.001
0.50400
0.14930
0.20488
0.80312
4.216
100
0.000
0.51150
0.12133
0.27078
0.75221
3.917 64.447
0.001
0.51150
0.13058
0.25067
0.77232
0.307
100
0.760
0.6377
0.20784
0.47613
0.34858
0.321 97.196
0.749
0.6377
0.19866
0.45804
0.33050
2.043
100
0.044
0.28319
0.13862
0.00816
0.55821
1.877 61.524
0.035
0.28319
0.15089
0.01849
0.58486
1.869
100
0.035
0.25990
0.13907
0.01602
0.53581
1.776 70.714
0.080
0.25990
0.14632
0.03187
0.55166
1.056
100
0.294
0.21082
0.19971
0.60703
0.18540
1.109 97.935
0.270
0.21082
0.19002
0.58791
0.16628
1.128
100
0.262
0.22961
0.20357
0.63349
0.17428
1.193 98.780
0.236
0.22961
0.19251
0.61159
0.15237
2.750
0.008
0.001
0.002
0.042
0.025
0.118
0.034
0.007
The results in table (2) showed that there was a significant difference between male and
female high school chess players in tension, depression, anger, confusion, and fatigue
subscales P .
. The results of this study showed that there was no significant
difference between male and female high school chess players in relaxation, vigor, and
happiness subscales P
.
.
Discussion and conclusion
The results of this study showed that there was a significant difference between male
and female high school chess players in tension, depression, anger, confusion, and
fatigue subscales. The results of this study showed that there was no significant
difference between male and female high school chess players in relaxation, vigor, and
happiness subscales. The results is consistent with the results of Bartholomew et al.,
and Berlin et al’, s
study that they concluded that If the regularly person
European Journal of Physical Education and Sport Science - Volume 1 │ Issue 4 │ 2016
42
Roghayeh Keramati Moghadam, Nasrin Touba, Majid Ketamati Moghadam, Vahid BakhshaliPour THE SURVEY OF MOOD STATES IN MALE AND FEMALE HIGH SCHOOL CHESS PLAYERS
OF LORESTAN PROVINCE
does physical trainings and with moderate-intensity, he/she will experience the
reduction of anxiety and depression and the increasing of self-confidence.
Also, Morgan, et al., (1987) stated that mood disorders total increased
significantly as the increasing of training load and if training load reduced, it would
return to the initial values and Covassin and Pero (2004) expressed that winning tennis
players displayed significantly lower total mood disturbance scores than losing players.
The results of this study are conflict with the results of Fuchs and Zaichkowsky (1983);
Mirzaei, et al.,
; Herbert and Potgieter
study. Covassin and Pero’
; and Covassin and Pero’s
showed that there was no significant difference
between men and women in mood states scores. Fuchs and Zaichkowsky (1983) stated
that personality and mood traits were similar between men and women. Mirzaei, et al.,
(2006) compared profile of mood states in wrestlers of the junior and senior national
teams in freestyle and Greco Roman wrestling.
The results showed that there was no significant difference between groups in
anger, vigor, confusion, depression, and fatigue subscales. There was a significant
difference between groups in tension subscale. Herbert and Potgieter (2005) showed
that scores on the Profile of Mood States obtained on the components of depression,
anger, and confusion suggested that there were no signs of psychological disintegration
over this period. Sports coaches need to identify athletes’ mood status due to the
importance of mood states in athletes’ performance because this identification guides
them to adjust training pressure, involved sports and physiological factors in the
training and facilitates athletes’ successful performance. It is obvious that coaches must
assess their athletes’ mood states in different age groups and skill levels including
adolescent
and
semi-skilled
athletes)
using
appropriate
instruments
and
implementation of researches such as this study to achieve this goal.
Also, coaches can design appropriate training for their athletes with the
comparison of results of conducted studies in elite players including this study. In
addition, the use of the results of these studies can facilitate athletes’ talent, selection,
and training.
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OF LORESTAN PROVINCE
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