European Journal of English Language Teaching
ISSN: 2501-7136
ISSN-L: 2501-7136
Available on-line at: www.oapub.org/edu
10.5281/zenodo.162424
Volume 1│Issue 2│2016
THE GENDER OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Shkelqim Millaku1i, Xhevahire Topanica2
Prof. Asoc. Dr., Faculty of Philology,
1
University of Prizren, Prizren, Kosova
Mr. sc., University of Prizren, Prizren, Kosova
2
Abstract:
In Albanian and English we have three kinds of gender: masculine, feminine and
neuter. In Albanian language we have this concept for gender: “Gjinia është një nga
kategoritë gramatikore më karakteristikë për emrat në gjuhën shqipe. Nga natyra e saj, ajo
dallohet nga kategoritë e tjera të emrit, nga numri, rasa dhe nga kategoritë e shquarsisë dhe të
pashquarsisë, sepse i kundërvihet mashkullore-femërore dhe asnjanëse...”ii, it’s same and with
English: “a grouping of nouns and pronouns into classes’ masculine, feminine and neuter”iii.
The gender can show and function in both of numbers singular and plural. The nouns
of masculine, feminine can ends with consonants or vowels. The gender (definite) of
English are augmented with articles. It can show before the noun, pronoun that can
substituted with pronoun /ai, ajo – he, she / or ky, kjo, ai, ajo – it (father, man, son, boy,
Tom, brother, Mr. John, /he/). The noun and pronoun can have the gender but the
adjective or verb cannot have.
Keywords: gender, countable and uncountable, singular, plural, nouns
1.
The masculine nouns
The masculine nouns on Albanian usually ending with the consonant e.g.
∑
student, hotel, ballkon, film, tren, lis, mal, gur etc.,
or with vowels e.g.
∑
∑
ii
iii
ë: djalë, burrë, djathë, lumë, Kolë, Dedë etc.
i: ulli, flori, qiri, shiri etc.
Fatmir Agallari, Gramatika e gjuhës shqipe, Tiranë, 2002, p.88.
A S Hornby, Christina Ruse, Oxford student’s dictionary of current English, New York, 2001, p. 263.
Copyright © The Author(s). All Rights Reserved
Published by Open Access Publishing Group ©2015.
40
Shkelqim Millaku , Xhevahire Topanica –
THE GENDER OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
∑
∑
∑
∑
e: pe, dre, dhe etc.
u: dru, kërceu, hu etc.
a: pasha, baba, aga etc.
ua: thua, përrua, krua (njeri-u, veri-u, baba-i, atdhe-u, dru - druri, sy - syri, zë zëri) etc.
The English has the same structure of masculine nouns with Albanian, it can
used with consonants or vowels e.g. father, uncle, brother, nephew, duke, god, hero,
friend, student (common), boyfriend, male student etc. In both of languages the nouns
are used in both numbers. The plural used by means of suffixes or changes in stem
sounds.
In Albanian language and English the most common methods of plural wordformation in by adding a plural suffix to the singular form. The nouns usually ending
with consonant in the indefinite form or in definite with /-i, -u/ e.g.
∑
emër-i, gur-i, qytet-iiv, mik-u, shok-u, krua-kroi, përrua-përroi, mure – walls,
lisa – oaks, burra – men, desh – rams, net – nights, miq – friends, zogj – birds,
brigje – hills, atë – fathers etc.
The definite nouns in English language usually make the article /the/ and it is
contrast with Albanian because the definite nouns in Albanian are usually the suffix e.g.
∑
djalë – djali – boy - the boy, libër – libri – book – the book.
The definite nouns between Albanian and English are the full contrast because
English has /the/ article that can show before the noun, so Albanian has definite articles
or ends (suffixes) –i, -u, -a, -tëv.
Both of languages can make the plural nouns. It can use with suffixes. The
formation of the plural of masculine nouns is quite complex and usually can formation
with suffixation. The Albanian language has a lot of suffixes (more than 140) that are
productive for too creative the new plural nouns e.g.
The plural is also formed with –e. With this suffixes usually can creative or found
the abstract nouns. All the nouns that ending with suffix –im, as well as borrowed
words that end with –ion, -um, take –e, in or in the plural e.g.
∑
aksione – aksions, leksione – lectures, albume – albums, stadiume – stadiums,
simpoziume – symposiums, vendime – decisions, mendime – thoughts,
studim-e, qytet-e – cities, , seminar-e, hotel-e, kat-e – floors, document-e –
documents, tunel-e – tunnels, kanal-e – canals,
shtete – states, katunde –
villages, vende – place, elemente – elements, ideale – ideals, hotele – hotels,
tunele – tunnels, zakone – customs, motive – motives, sheshe – fields etc.
iv
v
Shkelqim Millaku, 2016, The gender, Turqi, p.2
Shkelqim Millaku, 2016, The function of nuon phrases (...), Wien, p. 116.
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Shkelqim Millaku , Xhevahire Topanica –
THE GENDER OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
∑
In Albanian language the plural is also formed with –a e.g.
telefon-a, gjel-a, krimb-a, dema – bulls’, trupa – bodies, pëllumba – pigeons’,
topa – balls etc.
∑
The plural is also formed with –ë e.g.
shok-ë,
anëtar-ë, doktor-ë, dhëmbë, lek-ë, artist-ë, arsimtar-ë – educators,
formular-ë – forms, artist-ë – artists, punëtor-ë – worker, studentë – students,
drur-ë – trees, fshatar-ë – villagers, beqarë – bachelors, berberë – berbers,
doctorë – doctorës, policë - policemen etc.
“Me sy të mbyllur doktor Gurametoja priste vendimin.”vi
∑
a: gjel-a, telefona, derra, dema – bulls, qingja – lambs, tipa – types, trupa –
bodies, motora – motors, trëndafila – roses, rripa – slopes, trupa – bodies,
∑
bilbila – whistles, emra – names, numra – numbers etc.
e: qytet-e, hotel-e, seminar-e, pus-e, vende – place’, kate – floors’, palate –
apartements’, festivale – festivals’, male – mountains’, hotele – hotels’, sheshe
∑
∑
∑
∑
– fields’, motive – motives’.
nj: bari-nj, kushëri-nj, ari-nj, gjuhnjë – knees’, thonj – fingernails’, langonj –
hounds’ etc.
enj: lumë –lumenj – rivers’, lëmë-lëmenj, përrua- përrenje – brooks’, budallenj
– fools’, maskarenj – knaves etc.
inj: shkëmb-shkëmbinj – rocks, drapërinj – sickles, gishtërinj - snakes, shkopshokpinj, zotër-zotrinj, ari-nj, gju-nj, hero-nj etc.
ër: prindër - parents, vëllezër – brothers, robber - captives, mbretër – kings,
nipër – nephews etc.
The plural of some nouns is marked only by a change in the stem vowel, usually
from /a/ or /e/, or sometimes opposite of them e.g.
∑
a/e: dash (ram)-desh, cjap (billy)-cjep, ka (ox) – qe, gardh (fence) – gjerdhe etc.
There are in Albanian three sub-types of the plural type formed by the
politicization of the velar consonant g and /k/ into /gj/ and /q/ e.g.
∑
mik-miq (friends), bujk-bujq – farmer, peshk – peshq – fishes, cak-caqe - limit,
bllok – blloqe – block, tog, togje – pile, treg – trgje – market, park – parqe –
park, varg – vargje – rangs, zog- zogj, murg-murgj, breg-brigje - hills, shteg –
shtigje – pass. It’s contrast with English.
Both of languages have regular and irregular noun forms for to creative plural.
English language has not the same form with Albanian because in English we have the
vi
Ismail Kadare, Darkë e gabuar, Tiranë, 2008, p.50.
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Shkelqim Millaku , Xhevahire Topanica –
THE GENDER OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
suffixes –s, -es for to creative the plural nouns boy - boys, dog - dogs, bus - buses,
name – names or irregular forms man - men, woman - women, tooth – teeth etc. It’s
contrast between English and Albanian.
The same forms in both of languages are for the regular and irregular nouns.
2.
The feminine nouns
The Albanian language has a lot of feminine nouns that ending with vowel or
consonant and the suffixes is the most usual process of formation plural forms. The
most productive suffixes are –a, -ra etc. The following nouns are in plural (with the
suffixes) e.g.
∑
fusha – fields, lodra – games, mjegulla – fogs, flutura – butterfly, motra sisters etc.
The feminine nouns in Albanian language usually can make the suffixes and the
most productive are: -ë, -e, -i, -a, -o, ël, ër, -eshë, -ë, -ushë, -icë, onjë etc., for example:
∑
∑
∑
∑
∑
ë -mollë, nënë, vajzë, rrobë, detyrë, dhomë-a, dorë-a, kokë-a, gjuhë-a etc.
e: lule, nuse, faqe, fitore etc.
i: dituri, teori, gjini, fotografi, malësi, bukuri etc.
a: kinema, kala, para, hua etc.
ß
ß
-o: depo, dado, pallto, kosto, radio etc. or zemër, vegël, femër,
këmbëz, vetulla.
-ël-, -ër, -e si vegël-a, motër-a, lule-ja, lodhje-ja.
e, -eshë, -ë, -ushë, -icë, onjë e.g: gjysh-e, mik-e, ministër-e, doktor-ersh, plakëë, zonjë, arushë.
The English language can make the feminine nouns with root of male so it can
get the suffixes –ess e.g.
Masculine
Feminine
actor
actress
master
mistress
heir
heiress
lion
lioness
poet
poetessvii etc.
vii
Shkelqim Millaku, 2011, Studime gjuhësore I, Academia.edu, p.65-107.
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Shkelqim Millaku , Xhevahire Topanica –
THE GENDER OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
Both of languages have regular and irregular plural form of nouns or in English we
have some forms e.g.
∑
∑
∑
∑
/–s, es/; bus - buses, house - houses, prize - prizes, brush - brushes, punch punches, thing - things, dog - dogs, day - days, boy – boys.
/-y - i/; lady - ladies, story - stories, army - armies, country - countries, fly - flies.
/-y/; day-days, play-plays, tray-trays, key-keys, boy-boys, toy-toys.
/-s/; truth - truths, wreath - wreaths, mouth-mouths, path-paths.
Irregular plural nouns: zero - zeroes or zeros, commando - commandoes or
commandos, man - men, woman - women, mouse – mice, life-lives, wolf-wolves,
knife - knives, half-halves, wife-wives etc.
In Albanian language the plural of feminine nouns can make with suffixes –a, -ra
etc. for example: bankar, vera kashtëra, nënë, (ca) nëna, një fushë (ca) fusha, një
bankë (ca) banka, ditët, rrugët, udhët, derë - duar, derë - dyer, natë netë etc.
In English language are some forms of possibility for to build the plural nouns e.g.
∑
∑
∑
∑
-s cat-cats, dog-dogs, day-days.
-y--i: baby-babies, story-stories, lady-ladies.
s, z, c, xh, zh in plural gets suffixes –es; glass - glasses, place - places, bush bushes, branch – branches etc.
-f, –ves, or –s e.g. leaf - leaves, knife - knives, roof - roofs, shelf - shelves etc.
The irregular nouns: woman - women, fisherman - fishermen, child - children,
ox – oxen, foot-feet, tooth - teeth, goose - geese, mouse - mice etc.
3.
The neuter nouns
The neuter nouns exit in both of languages. In Albanian language we have e.g. kryet, të
ecurit, të menduarit, se foluri brumë, drithë, dyllë, mish, miell (from adjective) të zitë,
të bardhtë, të ftohtë (from verb) të folurit, të qeshurit etc. This is same in English e.g.
book, house, desk, tree, wall, a street, a flower, a table, a fork, a pen, a spoon, love etc.
We have in both of languages a lot of nouns that are “ambigen” for example in
Albanian: male, malet tona, qytete tona, qytete të mëdha, vende malore, vendim i
drejtë, djepi, ligji, busti, naftë, program, loti, thekër etc.
In English it is same for example: friend, girlfriend or boyfriend, child, partner,
writer, professor, teacher, student, speaker, pupil, person etc. The animal nouns e.g.
bull – cow, drake - duck, horse – mare, dog - bitch etc.
The plural form of the neuter noun kreu – head, chief, krerë – heads, or krerë
bagëtish – heads of cattle it is change ye – e and suffix –rë.
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Personal dual gender is a large including, for example, the following: artist, fool,
musician, speaker, student, teacher, writer, professor, person, parent, neighbour,
friend, doctor, cook etc.
4.
The number of nouns
In both of languages the noun has two numbers: singular and plural. In English
language we can see in the following some forms of singular and plural nouns, too.
one book
two books
one watch
two watches
one boy
two boys
one church
two churches
one problem
two problems
one house
two house
one thing
two things
one bus
two buses
one shop
two shops
one dish
two dishes
one name
two names
one glass
two glasses
one flower
two flowers
one box
two boxes”viii
∑
The structures of English and Albanian general forms are the same e.g:
një dyqan - one shop; two shops - dy dyqane, një emër - one name - two names
etc.
In Albanian and English we have some nouns that can have the same structure
only in singular e.g. like with abstract nouns:
∑
dashuri - dashuria, guxim - guximi, uri – uria, Kos - kosi, benzinë - benzina,
qumësht – qumështi, the month, year, nouns: janari, shkurti, marsi, January,
April, June, October etc. matematikë, histori, kimi, fizikë, Chemist, Ardita,
Xhoni, Teuta, London, Parisi, veri, jug, lindje, perëndim, North, West, East,
South etc.
∑
In Albanian and English we have some nouns that can use just in plural e.g:
makarona – makaronat (macaroni), krunde – krunde (bran), dhentë – sheep,
viset – places, syze - syzet, gërshërët - gërshërët, miellra - miellrat, vajra –
vajrat, miell, krunde, kokrrat, pantallonat, syzat, plakat, lajkat, ethet, pllakat,
Alpe, Mrize, Kodër, shpatet, viset, lugjet etc.
In English we have some nouns that are with the same structure in singular and
plural:
viii
Shukrane Gë rmizaj, A comprehensives handbook of English grammar, Prishtina, 2004, p.149.
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Singular
Plural
deer
deer
fish
fish
sheep
sheep
series
series
//////
/
cloths
////////
goods
////////
tropics
/////////
jeans
//////////////
shorts
//////////
glasses
The noun sheep, deer, cod etc., that are countable nouns do not have different
between singular or plural e.g.
This sheep has just had a lamb
These sheep have just had lambs”.ix
The number of nouns in the plural usually make with suffixes –es. –s for
example: Cat - cats, map - maps, boy - boys, girl - girls, case - cases, house – houses
etc. By the examples we can consider in Albanian and English it’s possible to see the
similar or the contrast between two languages.
5.
The countable and uncountable nouns
In Albanian and English language we have countable and uncountable nouns. The
countable nouns are all the nouns e.g.
∑
Prishtina (not Pristina), Shkupi (not (Scupi), Kosova (not Kosovo) Drini,
Morava, libër, shkollë, mësues, mielli, uji, plakat, lajkat, ethet etc, or in
English: “I bought some chairs, tables, and desks. In other words, I bought some
furniture”.x
Nouns can be broadly into a small number of classes which have meaning and
grammatical behaviour. There is an important distinct common and proper nouns.
Common nouns can be countable and uncountable. Countable nouns refer to entities
which can be counted, they are singular and plural forms (a cow, two cows) etc.). Both
ix
x
Sideny Greenbaun (…), A student’s grammar of the English language, London, England, 1990, p.95.
Batty Schrampfer Azar, English grammar, Washington, 2006, p.107.
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in the singular and plural there is a contrast between definite and indefinite forms (a
cow, two cows, the cows).
Countable nouns have both singular and plural forms, referring to one or more
than one entity, respectively.
Uncountable nouns refer to entities which cannot be counted and uncounted for number.
Though they do not combine with the indefinite article, the contrast between an indefinite and
definite form (e.g. milk, the milk) …xi
Countable nouns are same in both of language: We can find large number of
countable nouns for example:
Person
businessman, journalist, yachtsman,
Concrete objects
boat, present, vacuum cleaner,
Actions
event, move, race,
Other abstractions
contribution, result, rule
It needs to be stressed again that countability is not a simple reflection of things
observed in the external world. For example, even a countable noun such as thing is
used not only with reference to discrete concrete objects, but also to abstractions which
do not so obviously or naturally come as distinct entities see the use of these things in
the following example: I have just got it confirmed, but these things take time.
∑
∑
6.
In Albanian language we find plurals noun for example:
karrikë - karrika, libër - libra, shtëpi - shtëipa etj.
So, a countable noun in English has plurals and can be used:
a/an. a chair - chairs, a book - books, a house – houses etc.
The uncountable nouns
Uncountable nouns have plurals (Albanian and English, too), and cannot normally be
used with e.g. air, water, English, weather.
She speaks good English. (Not. She speaks good English).
Ajo e flet mirë anglishtne. (Jo. Ajo e flet një anglishte mirë).
In English the article a, an can use for to make the noun in singular and /a/ used
before the noun that begin with consonant and an used before the words that begin
with vowel.
xi
Douglas Biber, Sitg Johansson, Grammar of spoke and written English, London, England, 1999, p.245.
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She speaks good English.
It’s terrible weather. (Not. a terrible weather).
In English and Albanian we have some nouns that are countable and
uncountable e.g.
I’ll have a cup of coffee, please. Did you remember to buy coffee?
We use common nouns to categorize or label people and things. They are countable and
uncountable. We can use countable common nouns in the singular, with a/an and each,
or in the plural, with number and many.
Do you have a black pen or a pencil?
We usually use uncountable common nouns when we talk about as abstract concept, or
activity, a substance or a material. Uncountable nouns are not used with a/an or in the
plural. We can use uncountable nouns with no article (a) and much (b).
a. Her poem is about flying, freedom and bad luck. (not. a bad luck).
b. They have food clothing, but they don’t have much water. (not waters).
“Countable nouns can be singular or plural and are normally used to refer to
people, creatures and objects, or actions and events, which can be thought of as separate
individual things e.g. actor, bird, car, man, party, problem est.”.xii Uncountable nouns
are used with singular verbs, but not to refer to individual things. They are not typically
used with a/an. We use uncountable nouns to talk about substance and materials,
abstracts ideas, qualities and states or activities e.g. chess, tennis, work, education,
freedom, love, meat, petrol, rice etc.
The examples ice, love, time arrival, contact, news, time feedback, theory,
importance are types of meaning which can be countable and uncountable nouns:
substances (air, ice), emotional and other (news, receivership, contact); qualities
(importance), events (arrival). Many nouns which are basically uncountable also have
countable with difference meaning. We have some examples: time (demoting a
particular occasion or a period in history), air (demoting a tune or a type of appearance
or manner).
xii
George Yule, Oxford practice grammar, Oxford, 2008, p. 74.
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“The things we can count are called count nouns. The things we cannot are called
non count nouns. A non-count noun does not have a plural form and we cannot put a
number in front of it. We never use a/an with non-count nouns. Count nouns example:
a book - books, one book - two books, some books, a lot of books, many books, a few
books or non-count nouns singular: sugar, same sugar, a lot of sugar, much sugar, a
little sugar.xiii
The use of a noun as countable or uncountable is lexically restricted difference in
meaning varies to a large extent with the individual noun. The short form of countable
is C and for uncountable is U.
Both can be C/U nouns, but in the contest we can know different of meaning. For
example:
a. Six teas please. (C)
b. It was in fact impossible to be strenuously diligent after one of Mrs Sutton’s teas.
(C)
c. Plant beverage include tea, coffee, wine, …and sweet beverage (U)
d. We learned to eat brown rice and yogurt and to tolerate kasha and add-tasting
teas.
The countable instances of tea are used in the sentence “a cup of tea’ /a/ “a type
of tea’ and “a small meal usually served in the afternoon with a cup of tea’’ b. The uses
illustrated in /a and d/ are often found with other basically uncountable nouns.
Countable and uncountable nouns we have and abstract nouns, for example education,
freedom, etc.
7.
Plural uncountable nouns
Although it may seem to be a contradiction, there are plural uncountable. These are
morphologically plural nouns which do not vary for number and do not combine with
numerals:
She wears those jigsaw-type clothes, trousers usually.
Unite nouns are in a way the opposite of collective nouns: rather than provide a collective
reference for separate entities, they make it possible to split up an undifferentiated mass and refer
to separate instances of a phenomenon. Both types of noun provide alternative ways of viewing
xiii
Kathryn Church, American English workbook, Tirana, 2002, p.25.
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THE GENDER OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
and referring, collective nouns with respect to countable and until nouns with respect to
uncountablexiv.
With bit of and piece of are the most productive, each combining with well over
100 different collocates.
Unit Noun
Selected Collocatesxv
act of
adultery, kindness, folly
bit of
beef, cake, cheese, sugar, paper
chip of
glass, ice, paint
chunk of
chocolate, meat, gold, data
game of
cards, chess, golf, tennis
grain of
corn, dust, salt, sand
item of
clothing, information, equipment
loaf of
bread
lump of
clay, soil, butter, fat
piece of
cake, chicken, wood
pair of
clippers, glasses, plants
slice of
pie, ham, bread etc.
Here are some groups of nouns:
1. Countable nouns with singular (and plural) in –is, analysis, analyses, crossroads,
series.
2. Other nouns with singular and plural the same: trout, deer, fish, salmon.
3. Nouns that have a plural without –s after a number hundred (two hundred)
million (two million)…
4. Nouns with singular in –f (e), plural in –ves, calf - claves, wife - wives, knife knives, self - selves.
5. Nouns with irregular plurals: man - men, woman - women, child - children,
foot - feet.
6. Uncountable singular nouns ending in –s (normally no plural) billiards,
economics, politics, gymnastics.
7. Plural nouns with no singular e.g. arms, clothes, people, trousers,
congratulations etc.
8. To form the plural nouns, add –s, table - tables, room - rooms, desk - desks, etc.
9. If the noun ends s, sh, ch, x, or z add es, glass - glasses, dish - dishes, church churches, box - boxes etc.
xiv
xv
Douglas Biber, Sitg Johansson, Grammar of spoke and written English, London, England, 1999, p.250
Shkelqim Millaku, 2016, The compound nouns (…), European Journal of Education Studies, Vo.2. Iss.3.
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THE GENDER OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
10. If the noun ends in a /y/ preceded by a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) only add /s/, day-s,
guy-s, key-s etc.
11. If the noun ends in on/o/ preceded by a consonant, add -es. Potato - potatoes,
hero - heroes, tomato - tomatoes, radios, zoo - zoos.
12. If the noun is a compound, make the noun plural, not the modifier: mother-inlow --- mothers-in-low, piece of cake - pieces of cake.
13. If the number, litter, or sing is considered as a word, add ‘s. 1900’s, (1900), 1010’së ABC-ABC’s.
14. Some nouns are same in the singular and plural, fish - fish, deer - deer, sheep sheep.
15. Some nouns are always plural: mathematics, pants, cloths etc.
Plural and uncountable nouns with and without /the/ (flowers) the flowers,
music- the music.
1. We do not use /the/ before a noun when we mean something in general: I love
flowers (not, the flowers). I prefer classical music to pop music. (Not, the classical
music….)xvi.
2. We say /the/ … when the mean something in particular. I like your garden. The
flowers are beautiful. All the students in the class like their teacher.
3. We do not usually say with the names of countries, cities, and village. Franca not
the France, Europe not the Europe, or New York, Prishtina, Paris etc.
We can say with /the/ names which include works like: republic, kingdom,
states. The United Kingdom, the United States of America, the Republic of…
Regions: the north of England, the south of Spain, etc.
Regular count nouns
Irregular count nouns
Singular
Plural
Singular
Plural
Lemon
Lemons
Man
Men
Song
Songs
Woman
Women
Egg
Eggs
Child
Children
List
Lists
Person
People
Cake
Cakes
Foot
Feet
Orange
Oranges
Tooth
Teeth
Idea
Ideas
Mouse
Mice
Glass
Glasses
Dish
Dishes
Sandwich
Sandwiches
Box
Boxes
xvi
Raymond Murphy, English grammar in use, Cambridge, 1992, p. 148.
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Shkelqim Millaku , Xhevahire Topanica –
THE GENDER OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
“Some words (English) borrowed from Latin and Greek keep their foreign
plural, or their maybe alternation with regular plural forms.
Latin nouns ending –us
Latin nouns ending in –um
alumnus - alumni
aquarium - aquaria
calculus - calculi
curriculum - curricula
terminus - termini
millennium - millennia
index - indicesxvii
Greek nouns ending in-is:
Axis – axes, crisis - crises, diagnosis - diagnoses.
The build of nouns in singular and plural, masculine, feminine and neuter,
countable or uncountable are augmented for both of languages for reports that have the
same or different.
Conclusion
The aim of this study is to point out of similarities, differences, contrasts or generation
of gender between Albanian and English language by comparing different (function)
parts of speech. The first contrast of gender between two languages are the cases, the
second are definite and indefinite, the third are articles, the fourth are prefix and suffix,
the fifth are endings etc. The full contrast between two language was seen at the
possessive case, in Albanian language can be realize with the article (for masculine,
feminine and neuter) i (m), e (f), të (n) and së (f) or with definite endings –i, it, -in, -ve
(m), or –u, -ut, -un (m), but in English this case used with the article /the/ for definite
nouns (m, f, n), so between two languages it is the contrast because it has two forms of
possessive and usually used after the noun e.g. Mary’s book, Time’s house, students’,
worker’s, children’s, women’sxviii, This is Arta’s jacket, This is my mother’s jacket. This
is the dog’s food. If a plural noun does not end in /s/, add ‘s. women’s, men’s, children’s
etc. This phenomenon of grammar is the morphology contrast between two languages
and in the future we will see the function (syntax) of the gender in the sentence.
Douglas Biber, Sitg Johansson, Grammar of spoken and written English, London, England, 1999,
p.286
xviii Shkelqim Millaku, 2015, Anglisticum Journal (IJLLIS), Volume: 4, Issue:4, p 298.
xvii
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THE GENDER OF COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
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